Computer-Aided Intelligent Recognition Techniques and Applications

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ISBN: 9780470094143 | 0470094141
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/1/2005

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Intelligent recognition methods have recently proven to be indispensable in a variety of modern industries, including computer vision, robotics, medical imaging, visualization and the media. Furthermore, they play a critical role in the traditional fields such as character recognition, natural language processing and personal identification. This cutting-edge book draws together the latest findings of industry experts and researchers from around the globe. It is a timely guide for all those require comprehensive, state-of-the-art advice on the present status and future potential of intelligent recognition technology. Computer-Aided Intelligent Recognition Techniques and Applications: Provides the user community with systems and tools for application in a very wide range of areas, including: IT, education, security, banking, police, postal services, manufacturing, mining, medicine, multimedia, entertainment, communications, data visualization, knowledge extraction, pattern classification and virtual reality. Disseminates information in a plethora of disciplines, for example pattern recognition, AI, image processing, computer vision and graphics, neural networks, cryptography, fuzzy logic, databases, evolutionary algorithms, shape and numerical analysis. Illustrates all theory with real-world examples and case studies. This valuable resource is essential reading for computer scientists, engineers, and consultants requiring up-to-date comprehensive guidance on the latest developments in computer-aided intelligent recognition techniques and applications. Its detailed, practical approach will be of interest to senior undergraduate and graduate students as well as researchers and industry experts in the field of intelligent recognition.

Preface

xvii

List of Contributors

xix

On Offline Arabic Character Recognition

(18)

Muhammad Sarfraz

Abdulmalek Zidouri

Syed Nazim Nawaz

Introduction

(3)

Structure of the Proposed OCR System

(2)

Preprocessing

(1)

Segmentation

(3)

Line Segmentation and Zoning

(1)

Word Segmentation

(1)

Segmentation of Words into Individual Characters

(1)

Feature Extraction

(1)

Recognition Strategy

(4)

Recognition Using the Syntactic Approach

(1)

Recognition Using the Neural Network Approach

(2)

Experimental Results and Analysis

(2)

System Training

(1)

Experimental Set-up

(1)

Results Achieved

(2)

Conclusion

(2)

Acknowledgement

(1)

References

(2)

License Plate Recognition System: Saudi Arabian Case

(14)

Muhammad Sarfraz

Mohammed Jameel Ahmed

Introduction

(1)

Structure of a Typical LPR System

(1)

Image Acquisition

(1)

License Plate Extraction

(5)

Vertical Edge Detection

(1)

Filtering

(1)

Vertical Edge Matching

(2)

Black to White Ratio and Plate Extraction

(1)

License Plate Segmentation

(1)

Character Recognition

(1)

Normalization

(1)

Template Matching

(1)

Experimental Analysis and Results

(5)

Conclusion

(1)

References

(1)

Algorithms for Extracting Textual Characters in Color Video

(18)

Edward K. Wong

Minya Chen

Introduction

(1)

Prior and Related Work

(1)

Our New Text Extraction Algorithm

(5)

Step 1: Identify Potential Text Line Segments

(2)

Step 2: Text Block Detection

(1)

Step 3: Text Block Filtering

(1)

Step 4: Boundary Adjustments

(1)

Step 5: Bicolor Clustering

(1)

Step 6: Artifact Filtering

(1)

Step 7: Contour Smoothing

(1)

Experimental Results and Performance

(7)

Using Multiframe Edge Information to Improve Precision

(1)

Step 3(b): Text Block Filtering Based on Multiframe Edge Strength

(1)

Discussion and Concluding Remarks

(4)

References

(3)

Separation of Handwritten Touching Digits: A Multiagents Approach

(16)

Ashraf Elnagar

Reda Al-Hajj

Introduction

(1)

Previous Work

(4)

Digitizing and Processing

(1)

Segmentation Algorithm

(5)

Extraction of Feature Points

(1)

The Employed Agents

(4)

Experimental Results

(4)

Conclusions and Future Work

(2)

References

(2)

Prototype-based Handwriting Recognition Using Shape and Execution Prototypes

(22)

Miguel L. Bote-Lorenzo

Eduardo Gomez-Sanchez

Yannis A. Dimitriadis

Introduction

(1)

A Handwriting Generation Process Model

(2)

The First Stages of the Handwriting Recognition System

(3)

Character Segmentation

(1)

Feature Extraction

(2)

The Execution of the Prototype Extraction Method

(9)

Grouping Training Samples

(1)

Refinement of the Prototypes

(1)

Experimental Evaluation of the Prototype Extraction Method

(6)

Prototype-based Classification

(5)

The Prototype-based Classifier Architecture

(1)

Experimental Evaluation of the Prototype Initialization

(1)

Prototype Pruning to Increase Knowledge Condensation

(1)

Discussion and Comparison to Related Work

(2)

Conclusions

(2)

Acknowledgement

(1)

References

(2)

Logo Detection in Document Images with Complex Backgrounds

(10)

Tuan D. Pham

Jinsong Yang

Introduction

(1)

Detection of Potential Logos

(1)

Verification of Potential Logos

(2)

Feature Extraction by Geostatistics

(2)

Neural Network-based Classifier

(1)

Experimental Results

(4)

Conclusions

(2)

References

(2)

An Intelligent Online Signature Verification System

(20)

Bin Li

David Zhang

Introduction

(3)

Process and System

100

(1)

The Evaluation of an Online Signature Verification System

101

(1)

Literature Overview

102

(5)

Conventional Mathematical Approaches

102

(2)

Dynamic Programming Approach

104

(1)

Hidden Markov Model-Based Methods

105

(1)

The Artificial Neural Networks Approach

106

(1)

Signature Verification Product Market Survey

106

(1)

A Typical Online Signature Verification System

107

(6)

Data Acquisition

107

(3)

Feature Extraction

110

(1)

Feature Matching

111

(1)

Verification

112

(1)

Proposed Online Signature Verification Applications

113

(3)

System Password Authentication

113

(1)

Internet E-commerce Application

114

(2)

Conclusions

116

(3)

References

116

(3)

Hybrid Fingerprint Recognition using Minutiae and Shape

119

(12)

Asker Bazen

Raymond Veldhuis

Sabih Gerez

Introduction

119

(1)

Elastic Deformations

120

(2)

Elastic Minutiae Matching

122

(4)

Local Minutiae Matching

122

(1)

Global Minutiae Matching

123

(3)

Shape Matching

126

(1)

Results

126

(3)

Conclusions

129

(2)

Acknowledgement

129

(1)

References

129

(2)

Personal Authentication Using the Fusion of Multiple Palm-print Features

131

(14)

Chin-Chuan Han

Introduction

131

(2)

Preprocessing

133

(2)

Step 1: Image Thresholding

134

(1)

Step 2: Border Tracing

134

(1)

Step 3: Wavelet-based Segmentation

135

(1)

Step 4: Region of Interest (ROI) Generation

135

(1)

Feature Extraction

135

(1)

Enrollment and Verification Processes

136

(4)

Multitemplate Matching Approach

136

(1)

Multimodal Authentication with PBF-based Fusion

137

(2)

Adaptive Thresholding

139

(1)

Experimental Results

140

(2)

Experimental Environment

140

(1)

Verification Using a Template Matching Algorithm

140

(1)

Verification Using PBF-based Fusion

141

(1)

Conclusions

142

(3)

References

142

(3)

Intelligent Iris Recognition Using Neural Networks

145

(24)

Muhammad Sarfraz

Mohamed Deriche

Muhammad Moinuddin

Syed Saad Azhar Ali

Introduction

145

(2)

Literature Review

147

(1)

Some Groundbreaking Techniques

148

(6)

Daugman's Method

149

(1)

Boles's Method

150

(1)

Method of Dyadic Wavelet Transform Zero Crossing

151

(3)

Neural Networks

154

(4)

Multilayer Feed-forward Neural Networks (MFNNs)

154

(2)

Radial Basis Function Neural Networks (RBFNNs)

156

(2)

Proposed Method

158

(4)

Localizing the Iris

158

(1)

Finding the Contour

159

(1)

Feature Extraction

159

(3)

Iris Pattern Recognition

162

(1)

Experimental Results

162

(2)

Results for an MFNN

162

(1)

Results for an RBFNN

162

(2)

Graphic User Interface (GUI)

164

(2)

Concluding Remarks

166

(3)

References

166

(3)

Pose-invariant Face Recognition Using Subspace Techniques

169

(32)

Mohamed Deriche

Mohammed Aleemuddin

Introduction

169

(3)

Background

170

(1)

The Problem of Pose

171

(1)

Review of Biometric Systems

172

(6)

Summary of the Performance of Different Biometrics

173

(4)

Selecting the Right Biometric Technology

177

(1)

Multimodal Biometric Systems

177

(1)

Face Recognition Algorithms

178

(5)

Template-based Face Recognition

180

(1)

Appearance-based Face Recognition

180

(1)

Model-based Face Recognition

181

(2)

Linear Subspace Techniques

183

(8)

Principal Component Analysis

184

(1)

Linear Discriminant Analysis

185

(4)

Independent Component Analysis

189

(2)

A Pose-invariant System for Face Recognition

191

(7)

The Proposed Algorithm

192

(1)

Pose Estimation using LDA

192

(2)

Experimental Results for Pose Estimation using LDA and PCA

194

(1)

View-specific Subspace Decomposition

194

(1)

Experiments on the Pose-invariant Face Recognition System

195

(3)

Concluding Remarks

198

(3)

References

198

(3)

Developmental Vision: Adaptive Recognition of Human Faces by Humanoid Robots

201

(40)

Hon-fai Chia

Ming Xie

Introduction

201

(1)

Adaptive Recognition Based on Developmental Learning

202

(3)

Human Psycho-physical Development

202

(1)

Machine (Robot) Psycho-physical Development

203

(1)

Developmental Learning

204

(1)

Questions to Ponder

204

(1)

Developmental Learning of Facial Image Detection

205

(17)

Current Face Detection Techniques

205

(1)

Criteria of Developmental Learning for Facial Image Detection

206

(1)

Neural Networks

206

(1)

Color Space Transformation

207

(3)

RCE Adaptive Segmentation

210

(8)

Implementation

218

(1)

Questions to Ponder

218

(2)

Experimental Results

220

(2)

Developmental Learning of Facial Image Recognition

222

(14)

Wavelets

222

(1)

Wavelet Packet Analysis

223

(1)

Feature Extraction by Wavelet Packet Analysis

224

(3)

Hidden Markov Models

227

(7)

Feature Classification by Hidden Markov Models

234

(1)

Questions to Ponder

234

(1)

Experimental Results

235

(1)

Discussion

236

(5)

References

237

(4)

Empirical Study on Appearance-based Binary Age Classification

241

(16)

Mohammed Yeasin

Rahul Khare

Rajeev Sharma

Introduction

242

(1)

Related Works

243

(1)

Description of the Proposed Age Classification System

243

(4)

Database

244

(1)

Segmentation of the Facial Region

245

(1)

Preprocessing

246

(1)

Feature Extraction

246

(1)

Classifying People into Age Groups

246

(1)

Empirical Analysis

247

(5)

Performance of Data Projection Techniques

247

(1)

The Effect of Preprocessing and Image Resolution

248

(1)

The Effect of Pose Variation

248

(1)

The Effect of Lighting Conditions

249

(1)

The Effect of Occlusion

249

(1)

The Impact of Gender on Age Classification

250

(1)

Classifier Accuracies Across the Age Groups

251

(1)

Conclusions

252

(5)

Appendix A: Data Projection Techniques

253

(1)

Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

253

(1)

Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF)

253

(1)

Appendix B: Fundamentals of Support Vector Machines

253

(1)

Acknowledgement

254

(1)

References

254

(3)

Intelligent Recignition in Medical Pattern Understanding and Cognitive Analysis

257

(18)

Marek R. Ogiela

Ryszard Tadeusiewicz

Introduction

257

(2)

Preliminary Transformation of Medical Images

259

(2)

Structural Descriptions of the Examined Structures

261

(2)

Coronary Vessel Cognitive Analysis

263

(2)

Understanding of Lesions in the Urinary Tract

265

(3)

Syntactic Methods Supporting Diagnosis of Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Neoplasm

268

(3)

Semantic Analysis of Spinal Cord NMR Images

271

(1)

Conclusions

272

(3)

References

273

(2)

The Roadmap for Recognizing Regions of Interest in Medical Images

275

(22)

Sabah M.A. Mohammed

Jinan A.W. Fiaidhi

Lei Yang

Introduction

275

(1)

Convolutional Primitive Segmentation

276

(4)

Thresholding Primitive Segmentation

280

(1)

Morphological Primitive Segmentation

280

(1)

Erosion

280

(1)

Dilation

281

(1)

Opening and Closing

281

(1)

Hybridizing the Primitive Segmentation Operators

281

(4)

Region Identification Based on Fuzzy Logic

285

(8)

Experimental Results

289

(4)

Conclusions

293

(4)

References

294

(3)

Feature Extraction and Compression with Discriminative and Nonlinear Classifiers and Applications in Speech Recognition

297

(22)

Xuechuan Wang

Introduction

298

(2)

Standard Feature Extraction Methods

300

(1)

Linear Discriminant Analysis

300

(1)

Principal Component Analysis

301

(1)

The Minimum Classification Error Training Algorithm

301

(3)

Derivation of the MCE Criterion

301

(2)

Using MCE Training Algorithms for Dimensionality Reduction

303

(1)

Support Vector Machines

304

(3)

Constructing an SVM

304

(2)

Multiclass SVM Classifiers

306

(1)

Feature Extraction and Compression with MCE and SVM

307

(1)

The Generalized MCE Training Algorithm

307

(1)

Reduced-dimensional SVM

307

(1)

Classification Experiments

308

(8)

Deterding Database Experiments

309

(2)

TIMIT Database Experiments

311

(5)

Conclusions

316

(3)

References

317

(2)

Improving Mine Recognition through Processing and Dempster--Shafer Fusion of Multisensor Data

319

(26)

Nada Milisavljevic

Isabelle Bloch

Introduction

319

(1)

Data Presentation and Preprocessing

320

(4)

IR Data

320

(1)

GPR Data

321

(2)

MD Data

323

(1)

Region Selection

324

(3)

IR Regions

324

(1)

GPR Regions

325

(1)

MD Regions

325

(2)

Choice of Measures and Their Extraction

327

(6)

IR Measures

327

(1)

GPR Measures

328

(5)

MD Measures

333

(1)

Modeling of Measures in Terms of Belief Functions and Their Discounting

333

(5)

IR Measures

334

(1)

GPR A-scan and Preprocessed C-scan Measures

335

(1)

GPR B-scan (Hyperbola) Measures

336

(1)

MD Measures

336

(1)

Discounting Factors

337

(1)

Region Association, Combination of Measures and Decision

338

(3)

Region Association

338

(1)

Combination of Masses

339

(1)

Decision

340

(1)

Results

341

(1)

Conclusion

341

(4)

Acknowledgement

342

(1)

References

342

(3)

Fast Object Recognition Using Dynamic Programming from a Combination of Salient Line Groups

345

(18)

Dong Joong Kang

Jong Eun Ha

In So Kweon

Introduction

345

(1)

Previous Research

346

(1)

Junction Extraction

347

(1)

Energy Model for the Junction Groups

348

(1)

Energy Minimization

349

(2)

Collinear Criterion of Lines

351

(2)

Parallelism

351

(1)

Normal Distance

352

(1)

Energy Model for the Junction Groups

353

(1)

Experiments

354

(6)

Line Group Extraction

355

(4)

Collinearity Tests for Random Lines

359

(1)

Conclusions

360

(3)

References

360

(3)

Holo-Extraction and Intelligent Recognition of Digital Curves Scanned from Paper Drawings

363

(26)

Ke-Zhang Chen

Xi-Wen Zhang

Zong-Ying Ou

Xin-An Feng

Introduction

363

(1)

Review of Current Vectorization Methods

364

(3)

The Hough Transform-based Method

365

(1)

Thinning-based Methods

365

(1)

The Contour-based Method

365

(1)

The Sparse Pixel-based Method

365

(1)

Mesh Pattern-based Methods

365

(1)

Black Pixel Region-based Methods

366

(1)

The Requirements for Holo-extraction of Information

366

(1)

Construction of the Networks of SCRs

367

(6)

Generating Adjacency Graphs of Runs

367

(1)

Constructing Single Closed Regions (SCRs)

368

(2)

Building Adjacency Graphs of SCRs

370

(1)

Constructing the Networks of SCRs

371

(2)

A Bridge from the Raster Image to Understanding and 3D Reconstruction

373

(6)

Separating the Annotations and the Outlines of Projections of Parts

373

(2)

Vectorization

375

(2)

3D Reconstruction

377

(2)

Classification of Digital Curves

379

(3)

Extracting the Representative Points of Digital Curves

379

(1)

Fitting a Straight line to the Set of Points

380

(1)

Fitting a Circular Arc to the Set of Points

381

(1)

Determining the Type

382

(1)

Decomposition of Combined Lines Using Genetic Algorithms

382

(4)

Initial Population

382

(2)

Fitness Function

384

(1)

Crossover

384

(1)

Mutation

384

(1)

Selection

385

(1)

Convergence and Control Parameters

385

(1)

Determination of the Relationships Between the Segments

385

(1)

Software Prototype

386

(1)

Conclusions

386

(3)

References

387

(2)

Topological Segmentation and Smoothing of Discrete Curve Skeletons

389

(22)

Wenjie Xie

Renato Perucchio

David Sedmera

Robert P. Thompson

Introduction

389

(1)

Basic Definitions

390

(2)

Topological Segmentation

392

(5)

Component Counting and Labeling

392

(1)

Classification of Skeleton Voxels

392

(1)

Local Junction Classification

393

(1)

Thick Junction Resolution

394

(1)

Branch Formation

395

(2)

Branch Filtering

397

(3)

Branch Classification

397

(1)

Noise Segment Removal

398

(2)

Branch Smoothing

400

(3)

Polynomial Branch Representation

400

(1)

Augmented Merit Functions

401

(2)

Results

403

(4)

Discussion

407

(4)

Acknowledgement

408

(1)

References

408

(3)

Applications of Clifford-valued Neural Networks to Pattern Classification and Pose Estimation

411

(28)

Eduardo Bayro-Corrochano

Nancy Arana-Daniel

Introduction

411

(1)

Geometric Algebra: An Outline

412

(4)

Basic Definitions

412

(1)

The Geometric Algebra of nD Space

413

(1)

The Geometric Algebra of 3D Space

414

(1)

Rotors

414

(1)

Conformal Geometric Algebra

415

(1)

Real-valued Neural Networks

416

(1)

Complex MLP and Quaternionic MLP

417

(1)

Clifford-valued Feed-forward Neural Networks

418

(3)

The Activation Function

418

(1)

The Geometric Neuron

418

(1)

Feed-forward Clifford-valued Neural Networks

419

(2)

Learning Rule

421

(1)

Multidimensional Back-propagation Training Rule

421

(1)

Geometric Learning Using Genetic Algorithms

422

(1)

Support Vector Machines in the Geometric Algebra Framework

422

(4)

Support Vector Machines

422

(1)

Support Multivector Machines

423

(1)

Generating SMVMs with Different Kernels

424

(1)

Design of Kernels Involving the Clifford Geometric Product for Nonlinear Support Multivector Machines

424

(1)

Design of Kernels Involving the Conformal Neuron

425

(1)

Clifford Moments for 2D Pattern Classification

426

(2)

Experimental Analysis

428

(8)

Test of the Clifford-valued MLP for the XOR Problem

428

(1)

Classification of 2D Patterns in Real Images

429

(2)

Estimation of 3D Pose

431

(1)

Performance of SMVMs Using Kernels Involving the Clifford Product

432

(2)

An SMVM Using Clustering Hyperspheres

434

(2)

Conclusions

436

(3)

References

436

(3)

Intelligent Recognition: Components of the Short-time Fourier Transform vs. Conventional Approaches

439

(14)

Leonid Gelman

Mike Sanderson

Chris Thompson

Paul Anuzis

Introduction

440

(1)

Theoretical Analysis

440

(7)

Application

447

(1)

Conclusions

448

(5)

Acknowledgement

450

(1)

References

450

(3)

Conceptual Data Classification: Application for Knowledge Extraction

453

(16)

Ahmed Hasnah

Ali Jaoua

Jihad Jaam

Introduction

453

(1)

Mathematical Foundations

454

(5)

Definition of a Binary Context

454

(1)

Definition of a Formal Concept

455

(1)

Galois Connection

456

(1)

Optimal Concept or Rectangle

457

(2)

An Approximate Algorithm for Minimal Coverage of a Binary Context

459

(3)

Conceptual Knowledge Extraction from Data

462

(3)

Supervised Learning by Associating Rules to Optimal Concepts

462

(1)

Automatic Entity Extraction from an Instance of a Relational Database

463

(2)

Software Architecture Development

465

(1)

Automatic User Classification in the Network

465

(1)

Conclusion

465

(4)

References

466

(3)

Cryptographic Communications With Chaotic Semiconductor Lasers

469

(16)

Andres Iglesias

Introduction

470

(2)

Semiconductor Lasers with Optical Feedback

472

(6)

Step 1: Choice of the Laser

472

(1)

Step 2: Determination of the Laser Equations and Parameters

473

(2)

Step 3: Choice of Some Accessible Parameter for Chaoticity

475

(1)

Step 4: Synchronization of the Chaotic Transmitter and Receiver Systems

476

(2)

Applications to Cryptographic Communications

478

(3)

Chaotic Masking

478

(1)

Chaotic Switching

479

(2)

Conclusions

481

(4)

References

482

(3)

Index

485

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Computer-Aided Intelligent Recognition Techniques and Applications

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials