The Concealed Influence of Custom Hume's Treatise from the Inside Out

Jay L. Garfield defends two exegetical theses regarding Hume's Treatise on Human Nature. The first is that Book II is the theoretical foundation of the Treatise. Second, Garfield argues that we cannot understand Hume's project without an appreciation of his own understanding of custom, and in particular, without an appreciation of the grounding of his thought about custom in the legal theory and debates of his time. Custom is the source of Hume's thoughts about normativity, not only in ethics and in political theory, but also in epistemological, linguistics, and scientific practice- and is the source of his insight that our psychological and social natures are so inextricably linked. The centrality of custom and the link between the psychological and the social are closely connected, which is why Garfield begins with Book II.

There are four interpretative perspectives at work in this volume: one is a naturalistic skeptical interpretation of Hume's Treatise; a second is the foregrounding of Book II of the Treatise as foundational for Books I and III. A third is the consideration of the Treatise in relation to Hume's philosophical antecedents (particularly Sextus, Bayle, Hutcheson, Shaftesbury, and Mandeville), as well as eighteenth century debates about the status of customary law, with one eye on its sequellae in the work of Kant, the later Wittgenstein, and in contemporary cognitive science. The fourth is the Buddhist tradition in which many of the ideas Hume develops are anticipated and articulated in somewhat different ways.

Garfield presents Hume as a naturalist, a skeptic and as, above all, a communitarian. In offering this interpretation, he provides an understanding of the text as a whole in the context of the literature to which it responded, and in the context of the literature it inspired.

Jay L. Garfield is Doris Silbert Professor in the Humanities and Professor of Philosophy, Logic and Buddhist Studies and Chair of the Philosophy department at Smith College. He is also Visiting Professor of Buddhist Philosophy at Harvard Divinity School, Professor of Philosophy at Melbourne University and Adjunct Professor of Philosophy at the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies. He has taught in Australia, Singapore, Japan and Germany and is a regular lecturer at major universities, Buddhist Studies centers and research institutions around the world. Professor Garfield is author or editor of 27 books and over 150 articles and book reviews.

I. Methodological Preliminaries
1. Introduction: Principles of Interpretation
2. Why the Treatise? Why Book II? Why Custom?

II. Book II: The Psychological Foundations
3. The Passions: Some Basic Distinctions
4. The Passions and Human Nature
5. Book II: Hume's Moral Psychology

III. Books I and III: The Skeptical Framework Deployed
6. Book I: Epistemological Foundations
7. Book I: Causality
8. Book I: Skepticism with Regard to Reason
9. Book I: Skepticism with Regard to the Senses
10. Book I: Personal Identity and Philosophical Method
11. Book III: Ethics

IV. Living Carelessly
12. The Appendix: Second Thoughts about Second Thoughts
13. Persons as Customary Creatures

References