A Concise Guide to Observational Studies in Healthcare

Allan Hackshaw, Deputy Director, Cancer Research UK & UCL Cancer Trials Centre, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK

Foreword vii

Preface viii

1 Fundamental concepts 1

2 Outcome measures risk factors and causality 26

3 Effect sizes 47

4 Regression analyses 66

5 Cross-sectional studies 82

6 Case–control studies 108

7 Cohort studies 135

8 Quality of care studies 157

9 Prognostic markers for predicting outcomes 171

10 Systematic reviews and meta-analyses 196

11 Conducting and reporting observational studies 216

Index 239

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