Confectionery Packaging Equipment

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ISBN: 9780834212374 | 0834212374
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/1/1998

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This book describes the type of equipment, particularly packaging machines, that are used to manufacture chocolate, biscuits and sugar confections. Hooper's book also publicizes some of the work that has been done in that field of engineering and to make known when, where, and by whom the industry was started.

List of Figures

Preface

Acknowledgments

xvii

An introduction to packaging machines

(10)

Fundamental questions

(1)

What is a packaging machine?

(1)

What is a wrapping machine?

(1)

Why are they used?

(1)

Why is wrapping necessary?

(1)

The start of the packaging machine industry

(4)

The first automatic wrapping machines

(2)

Competition for the first machine makers

(1)

Types of packaging machines

(2)

Associated machinery

(4)

Metal detectors

(1)

Checkweighers

(1)

Printers

(1)

Distribution systems

(1)

Vibratory chutes

(1)

Vibratory bowl feeders

(1)

Labyrinth belts

(1)

Special feeders

(3)

Common features in conventional wrapping machines

(33)

Basics of wrapping machine design

(1)

Conventional wrapping machines

(1)

The supply of aluminium foil and paper wrappers

(1)

Supplying wrapping materials

(1)

Wrappers from stack feeds

(1)

Component parts used when supplying wrappers and foil from a reel

(7)

Reel support and control assembly

(1)

Material length measuring assembly

(2)

Pattern registration

(1)

Gripper assembly

(2)

Knife assemblies---scissors type blades

(1)

Knife assemblies---rotary action blades

(1)

Knife assemblies---serrated knives

(1)

Adhesive application

(2)

Open topped containers

(1)

Spring controlled ball nozzle applicators

(1)

Continuous glue line

(1)

Hot melt glue systems

(1)

PVA adhesive sprays

(1)

Folding the wrapper

(2)

Alternative method

(2)

Stacking

(2)

Mechanical latches and trips and machine inhibition

(2)

Machine guards and safety mechanisms

(3)

Wrapping machine guards

(1)

Fence guards

(1)

Interlocks

(1)

Pneumatics

(1)

Brakes

(1)

Emergency switches

(1)

Isolators

(1)

Lubrication

(5)

Shaft bearings

(2)

Other components

(2)

Modern trends

(1)

Timing---the synchronization of machine operations

(6)

Cams---the foundation of the wrapping operation

(1)

An introduction to machine cams

(3)

Complicated movements

(1)

The cam timing chart

(1)

Cam types

(2)

Other methods of machine synchronization

(2)

Pneumatic methods

(1)

Programmable logic controllers

(1)

Computer control

(1)

The distribution of produce from manufacture to packaging machines

(17)

Automatic feeding to bar wrapping machines

(6)

The first automatic feeders

(1)

Advances

(1)

Relationship of moulding to wrapping

(1)

Belt speeds

(2)

Row aligners

(1)

Automatic feeder developments

(3)

Movement in two opposing directions at the same time

(1)

Multiple row aligners

(1)

Clear areas above the belts

(1)

Other innovations

(1)

Some problems still existing

(1)

Summary of basic system

(1)

Controls

(1)

Automatic feeders for horizontal FFS (pillowpack) machines

(3)

Manual supply to wrapping machines

(3)

Simple distribution feeders

(1)

Waterfall feeders

(4)

Uses and principles

(3)

An electromechanical supply conveyor to a waterfall

(1)

Basic descriptions of some of the most used confectionery wrapping machines and machine interaction with materials

(24)

Wrapping machines for specific wrapping operations

(1)

Chocolate bar wrappers

(4)

Chocolate bar wrappers: heat sealing machines

(2)

Batch rollers, rope sizing and cut and wrap machines

(2)

Batch rollers

(1)

Rope sizing machines

(1)

Cut and wrap machines

(1)

Foiling machines

(1)

Egg foiling machines

(2)

First folding station

(1)

Second folding station

(1)

Third folding station

(1)

Enhancements

(1)

Rollwrapping machines

(8)

The wrapping head

(3)

Square section sweets

(2)

Recent developments

(2)

Stickpack machines

(1)

Twist wrapping machines

(3)

A brief look at interaction between materials and machines

(5)

Aluminium foil

(1)

Lacquers for sealing

(1)

Printing inks

(1)

Ink jet and laser printing

(1)

Adhesives

(1)

Cartons and cases

(2)

Equipment that complements packaging machines

(23)

Metal detectors

(1)

Checkweighers

(1)

Further developments in checkweighing

(1)

Weighers and fillers

(5)

Auger fillers

(2)

Dust and safety

(1)

Multiplehead weighers

(1)

Volumetric fillers

(1)

Feeding the product

(1)

Robots (used as pick and place machines)

(3)

Used for carton erection

(1)

Developments in robotic case packing

(1)

Image recognition robots

(2)

Blister packing machines

(3)

Ancillary equipment

100

(6)

Embossing equipment

100

(1)

Hot foil printers for applying date codes

100

(1)

Ink printing date codes using rubber type

101

(1)

Hot ink printing for applying date codes

101

(2)

Ink jet printing for applying date codes

103

(1)

Laser printing for applying date codes

103

(2)

Label applicators for date codes

105

(1)

Splicing attachments

106

(1)

High speed fault analysis

106

(2)

Form, fill, seal wrapping machines

108

(54)

Form, fill, seal (FFS) machines

108

(2)

Concept of the FFS machine

108

(1)

Materials to suit different machines

108

(1)

Heat sealing and cold sealing wrapping films

108

(2)

Horizontal FFS machines

110

(4)

Brief description

110

(1)

Expansion of the brief principles of horizontal FFS machines

111

(1)

Normal and inverted machines

112

(1)

Mechanical operation

112

(1)

Electronic operation

112

(2)

Relationship between lengths, speeds and synchronization of position

114

(1)

Speed of machine elements

115

(1)

The web of wrapping film

115

(1)

The infeed chain

115

(1)

The crimps and their movement

116

(1)

The discharge belt

116

(1)

Synchronization of positions

116

(1)

The web of wrapping film (registration)

116

(1)

The infeed chain

116

(1)

Movement of the crimps

117

(1)

The discharge belt

117

(1)

Pack size changes

117

(1)

Pack dimensions

117

(2)

Relationship of pack height to width

117

(1)

Relationship of pack length to width

118

(1)

Transfer assistance

119

(1)

Over pack chain

119

(1)

Base cards

119

(1)

Adjustments during production for mechanically operated machines

119

(2)

Printed wrapping film

120

(1)

Infeed chain

120

(1)

Crimp jaws

120

(1)

Changing a machine to facilitate different sizes

121

(1)

Electronic FFS machines

122

(4)

Common features in horizontal FFS wrapping machines

126

(23)

Reels carried on supports from the machine frame

127

(1)

Reels carried on driven shafts

128

(1)

Wrapping material web splicing assemblies

128

(1)

Semi-automatic form of splicing

128

(1)

Automatic form of splicing

129

(1)

Forming the wrapping film into a tube

130

(1)

Chain attachments and infeeds on mechanically operated machines

131

(3)

Electronically controlled machines

134

(1)

Pattern registration---synchronization of printed pattern, packaged article and transverse cut

134

(1)

Sealing rollers for the longitudinal seam

135

(3)

Seam turning rollers

138

(1)

Feeding the film through the seam rollers

138

(1)

Rotary crimp jaws

138

(3)

Variable speed drive for rotary sealing crimps

141

(2)

Other methods of speed variation for crimp jaws---barrel cam or helical gear form

143

(1)

Elliptical gears

144

(1)

Reciprocating crimp jaws

144

(1)

Release for hot sealing crimp stopping position

144

(1)

Heater controls

145

(1)

Transporting the finished package from crimp sealing position

145

(1)

Adjustment of size

145

(1)

Change parts

145

(1)

Electric adjustment

146

(1)

Variable speed drives

146

(1)

Vee belt speed variators

146

(1)

Expanding groove spring vee pulleys

146

(1)

Integral motors and reduction gears

147

(1)

The handwheel

147

(1)

Frames

148

(1)

Vertical form, fill, seal machines

149

(4)

Principles of vertical form, fill, seal machines

150

(1)

Resistance sealing

151

(1)

Impulse sealing

152

(1)

Types of longitudinal seal and sealing methods

152

(1)

Power

152

(1)

Controls

152

(1)

Guards

152

(1)

Multi-lane wrapping machines

153

(1)

Making multi-packs on horizontal FFS machines

154

(3)

Machines linked at 90°

154

(1)

Machines linked in-line

155

(1)

Articles across the direction of travel

155

(1)

Articles side-by-side along the direction of travel

155

(1)

Bursting bags

156

(1)

Methods of feeding horizontal FFS type wrapping machines

157

(3)

Hand feeding

157

(1)

Magazine feeding

157

(1)

Waterfall feeders

158

(1)

Faster FFS machines and larger numbers per pack

159

(1)

Variations

160

(1)

Special machines

160

(2)

Equipment that is allied to packaging machinery

162

(23)

Allied machinery

162

(1)

Buffer storage

162

(5)

Manual trays as buffer stores

164

(1)

Hoppers as buffer stores

164

(1)

Conveyor belts as buffer stores

164

(1)

Vibrating troughs as buffer stores

165

(1)

Stacks as buffer stores

165

(1)

Shelf elevators as buffer stores

166

(1)

Carton erectors

167

(1)

Locking base cartons

167

(1)

Aeroplane blanks

168

(1)

Case erectors

168

(1)

Case sealers

169

(2)

Channelizers

171

(1)

Chillers

171

(2)

Collators

173

(1)

Conveyors

173

(1)

Automatic belt tracking devices

174

(3)

Gripping rollers

175

(1)

Changing roller angle

175

(1)

Mechanical device

176

(1)

Pneumatic operation

176

(1)

Conveyor access control (gates)

177

(3)

Access control gates

177

(1)

The package input method

178

(1)

Three belts

178

(1)

Variations

179

(1)

Higher output

179

(1)

Overwrapping machines

180

(1)

Types of overwrappers

180

(1)

Pallet stretch wrapping machines

181

(1)

Pallet stretch wrapping

181

(1)

Pallet stretch wrapping machines

182

(1)

Palletizers

182

(1)

Types of palletizers

183

(1)

Special overwrapping applications

183

(2)

Shrink wrapping machines

183

(1)

Stretch wrapping machines

184

(1)

The operation of machines for filling cartons and cases

185

(26)

Loading and filling machines for cartons and cases

185

(1)

Machine 1---casing machine with mainly pneumatic operation

186

(3)

Infeed

186

(1)

Rotating rollers

186

(1)

Moving the stack

187

(1)

Loading the case

188

(1)

Cases

188

(1)

Machine attendant(s)

188

(1)

Machine operation

189

(1)

Machine frame

189

(1)

Adjustment for different sizes of packs

189

(1)

Machine 2---mechanically operated carton loading machine

189

(7)

Supply

191

(1)

Considering one lane of the waterfall feeder

192

(1)

The first push (six lanes of the waterfall feeder)

192

(1)

The second push

192

(1)

Collation

193

(1)

The second chain

193

(1)

Card insert

194

(1)

Carton erection

194

(1)

Discharge of carton from the machine

195

(1)

Gearing

195

(1)

Construction

196

(1)

Machine 3---casing machine with pneumatic operation and electronic control

196

(4)

Packing rates and pack dimensions

197

(1)

Infeed

197

(1)

Brief description of operation

197

(1)

Case opening

198

(1)

In practice

199

(1)

Machine operation and control

199

(1)

Change parts sub-assemblies

200

(1)

Construction

200

(1)

Machine 4---mechanical collation and electronic control: machine principle suitable for both carton and case loading

200

(2)

Transfer from the lowerator

201

(1)

Case loading

201

(1)

Variations

201

(1)

Machine 5---pneumatic operation with PLC controls

202

(3)

Version number one---side loading

202

(2)

Version number two---top loading

204

(1)

Version number three---vacuum pick-up

204

(1)

Lined carton machines

205

(3)

Mechanical operation

205

(2)

Re-design

207

(1)

Small tubes as cartons

208

(2)

Types of cardboard tubes

208

(1)

Disadvantages

209

(1)

Robots for carton filling

210

(1)

Factory services, maintenance and hygiene relative to packaging

211

(24)

Factory services

211

(1)

What are factory services?

211

(1)

Electrical supplies to machines

211

(4)

Motor control centres

212

(1)

Trunking

213

(1)

Floor trunking and cables

213

(1)

Modifications after the floor has been completed

214

(1)

Capacity

214

(1)

Compressed air

215

(1)

Vacuum

216

(2)

Central vacuum system

216

(1)

Individual vacuum pumps

216

(1)

Basic explanation of need

216

(1)

Change-over

217

(1)

Provision of the vacuum pump set

217

(1)

Provision of the vacuum pipework

218

(1)

Air conditioning

218

(1)

Cooling air

218

(1)

Drinking water and hot water

218

(1)

Cooling water

219

(1)

Waste extraction

219

(1)

Maintenance matters

219

(10)

Collection of information

219

(1)

Personnel

220

(1)

First line servicing

221

(1)

Inspection queries

221

(1)

Scheduled preventative maintenance

222

(2)

Inspection during scheduled maintenance

224

(1)

Training

225

(1)

Machine manuals

225

(1)

Where to carry out maintenance?

226

(1)

Transport skates for machines

227

(1)

Air flotation pads for transporting machines

227

(1)

Transporting machines on castors

227

(1)

Machine transport frames

228

(1)

Transport route for machinery

229

(1)

Hygiene and packaging

229

(6)

Machine design

230

(2)

Automatic dust collection

232

(1)

Electrical trunking

233

(2)

A packaging project: machine performance and used machinery

235

(18)

The approach to a packaging project

235

(8)

The starting situation

235

(2)

The brief

237

(1)

Choices

237

(1)

Favoured route

238

(1)

Consultation

239

(1)

Solution

239

(1)

Primary wrapping machine solution

239

(2)

Advantages believed to accrue from this solution

241

(1)

Computer models as a check

241

(1)

Buffer storage

241

(1)

Overwrapping

242

(1)

Cases

242

(1)

Link between process and packing

242

(1)

Finally

242

(1)

Cost forecast

242

(1)

Machine performance

243

(5)

Probability---coins

244

(1)

Probability---a wrapping machine

244

(1)

Probability---two coins

245

(1)

Probability---three coins

245

(1)

Compare wrapping machines to coins

245

(1)

Three machines

246

(1)

Summing up the probabilities

246

(1)

What this means

247

(1)

Buying used machinery

248

(5)

Justification for used machinery

248

(1)

Considerations

249

(2)

Machine performance

251

(1)

Danger of employing pre-used machinery

251

(2)

Glossary

253

(10)

Index

263

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Confectionery Packaging Equipment

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Confectionery Packaging Equipment

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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