Constitutional Law for Changing America

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ISBN: 9781568021515 | 1568021518
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 3/1/1996

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This innovative single-volume resource on constitutional law highlights the political context in which decisions are made. Covering the whole span of constitutional law, from the constitutional powers of the three branches of government to the civil rights and civil liberties of the individual, this up-to-date work is comprehensive yet compact, providing a broad view of the development of constitutional law.

Figures, tables, photographs and appendices illustrate the legal trends, political issues, and the people behind the cases, and enhance the reference value of this volume.

Preface

I THE U.S. CONSTITUTION

An Introduction to the U.S. Constitution

(1)

The Road to the U.S. Constitution

(5)

The Underlying Principles of the Constitution

(5)

The Living Constitution

(11)

The Amendment Process

(2)

The Supreme Court and the Living Constitution

(4)

Readings

(1)

Approaches to Supreme Court Decision Making

(37)

Legal Approaches

(11)

Extralegal Approaches

(16)

Readings

(4)

II INSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY

The Separation of Powers

(1)

The Origins of the Seperation of Powers Doctrine

(2)

Separation of Powers and the Constitution

(1)

Contemporary Thinking on the Constitutional Scheme

(3)

The Judiciary

(35)

The Establishment of the Federal Judiciary

(4)

Judicial Review

(13)

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

(13)

Constraints on Judicial Power

(15)

Ex parte McCardle (1869)

(14)

Readings

(2)

The Legislature

(53)

Article 1: Historical Overview

(4)

Congressional Authority over Internal Affairs

101

(15)

U.S. Term Limits v. Thornton (1995)

105

(11)

The Sources and Scope of Legislative Powers

116

(20)

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

118

(14)

United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. (1936)

132

(4)

The Role of Congress in National Government

136

(11)

Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha (1983)

142

(5)

Readings

147

(2)

The Executive

149

(42)

Selection and Formal Powers

150

(4)

The Faithful Execution of the Laws

154

(2)

Executive Immunity and Privilege

156

(7)

United States v. Nixon (1974)

158

(5)

The Power of Appointment and Removal

163

(5)

The President and Foreign Policy

168

(3)

United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. (1936)

169

(2)

Presidential Power During War and National Emergencies

171

(11)

Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company v. Sawyer (1952)

177

(5)

Readings

182

(4)

III NATION-STATE RELATIONS

An Introduction to Nation-State Relations

185

(1)

The Framers and Federalism

186

(1)

Amending the Constitution: The Tenth Amendment

187

(4)

Federalism

191

(27)

The Marshall Court and the Rise of National Supremacy

192

(4)

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

193

(3)

The Taney Court and the (Re)Emergence of States Rights

196

(5)

Dual Federalism and Laissez-Faire Economics

201

(5)

Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918)

201

(5)

The (Re)Emergence of National Supremacy: Cooperative Federalism

206

(10)

United States v. Darby Lumber (1941)

206

(4)

Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitian Transit Authority (1985)

210

(6)

Readings

216

(2)

The Commerce Power

218

(41)

Constitutional Foundations of the Commerce Power

218

(7)

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

220

(5)

Defining Interstate Commerce

225

(4)

The Supreme Court and the New Deal

229

(20)

Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1935)

233

(7)

National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation (1937)

240

(9)

Regulating Commerce as a Federal Police Power

249

(3)

Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964)

250

(2)

The Commerce Power of the States

252

(6)

Cooley v. Board of Wardens (1852)

253

(5)

Readings

258

(1)

The Power to Tax and Spend

259

(32)

The Constitutional Power to Tax and Spend

259

(2)

Direct Taxes and the Power to Tax Income

261

(9)

Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Co. (1895)

264

(6)

Intergovernmental Tax Immunity

270

(2)

Taxation as a Regulatory Power

272

(3)

Taxing and Spending for the General Welfare

275

(5)

South Dakota v. Dole (1987)

277

(3)

Restrictions on the Revenue Powers of the States

280

(4)

Readings

284

(7)

IV ECONOMIC LIBERTIES

Economic Liberties and Individual Rights

287

(4)

The Contract Clause

291

(20)

The Farmers and the Contract Clause

291

(2)

John Marshall and the Contract Clause

293

(3)

The Decline of the Contract Clause

296

(11)

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837)

297

(6)

Home Building and Loan Association v. Blaisdell (1934)

303

(4)

The Revitalization of the Contract Clause

307

(3)

Readings

310

(1)

Economic Substantive Due Process

311

(28)

The Development of Substantive Due Process

314

(6)

The Roller Coaster Ride of Substantive Due Process: 1898--1923

320

(10)

Lochner v. New York (1905)

322

(8)

The Heyday of Substantive Due Process: 1923--1936

330

(2)

The Depression, the New Deal, and the Decline of Substantive Due Process

332

(6)

West Coast Hotel v. Parrish (1937)

333

(5)

Readings

338

(1)

The Takings Clause

339

(24)

Protecting Private Property from Government Seizure

339

(2)

What Constitutes a Taking?

341

(6)

Penn Central Transportation Company v. City of New York (1978)

342

(5)

The Public Use Requirement

347

(3)

Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff (1984)

347

(3)

Resurrecting the Takings Clause

350

(5)

Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council (1992)

352

(3)

Readings

355

(8)

V CIVIL LIBERTIES

Approaching civil Liberties

359

(4)

Religion: Exercise and Establishment

363

(71)

Free Exercise of Religion

364

(24)

Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith (1990)

378

(10)

Religious Establishment

388

(45)

Lemon v. Kurtzman, Earley v. DiCenso (1971)

397

(11)

Edwards v. Auguillard (1987)

408

(16)

Lee v. Weisman (1992)

424

(9)

Readings

433

(1)

Freedom of Speech, Assembly, and Association

434

(55)

The Development of Legal Standards: The Emergence of Law in Times of Crisis

435

(22)

Schenck v. United States (1919)

437

(12)

Dennis v. United States (1951)

449

(8)

Regulating Expression: Content and Contexts

457

(31)

Texas v. Johnson (1989)

463

(6)

Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942)

469

(8)

R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, Minnesota (1992)

477

(6)

West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)

483

(5)

Readings

488

(1)

Freedom of the Press

489

(36)

Prior Restraint

490

(7)

Near v. Minnesota (1931)

490

(7)

The Media and Special Rights

497

(7)

Branzburg v. Hayes (1972)

498

(6)

The Boundaries of Free Press: Obscenity and Libel

504

(20)

Miller v. California (1937)

508

(6)

New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)

514

(10)

Readings

524

(1)

The Right to Privacy

525

(54)

The Right to Privacy: Foundations

526

(9)

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

529

(6)

Private Activities and the Application of Griswold

535

(12)

Bowers v. Hardwick (1986)

536

(6)

Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health (1990)

542

(5)

Reproductive Freedom and the Right to Privacy: Abortion

547

(23)

Roe v. Wade (1973)

549

(21)

Readings

570

(4)

VI THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM AND CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS

The Rights of the Criminally Accused

573

(1)

Overview of the Criminal Justice System

574

(2)

Trends in Court Decision Making

576

(3)

Investigations and Evidence

579

(31)

Searches and Seizures

579

(15)

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

586

(8)

The Fifth Amendment and Self-Incrimination

594

(15)

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

596

(13)

Readings

609

(1)

Attorneys, Trials, and Punishments

610

(43)

The Right to Counsel

610

(7)

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

613

(4)

Fair Trials

617

(5)

Sentencing and the Eighth Amendment

622

(14)

Gregg v. Georgia (1976)

625

(11)

Post-Trial Stages

636

(3)

Readings

639

(4)

VII CIVIL RIGHTS

Civil Rights and the Constitution

643

(1)

The Constitution and the Concept of Equality

643

(2)

The Supreme Court and Equal Protection of the Laws

645

(4)

Congressional Enforcement of Civil Rights

649

(4)

Discrimination

653

(54)

Racial Discrimination

653

(13)

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

654

(7)

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

661

(5)

Sex Discrimination

666

(9)

Reed v. Reed (1971)

669

(2)

Craig v. Boren (1976)

671

(4)

Economic Discrimination

675

(6)

San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (1973)

676

(5)

Remedies for Discrimination

681

(25)

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg County Board of Education (1971)

683

(8)

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)

691

(9)

Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena (1995)

700

(6)

Readings

706

(1)

Voting and Representation

707

(70)

Voting Rights

707

(11)

Louisiana v. United States (1965)

710

(3)

South Carolina v. Katzenbach (1966)

713

(5)

Political Representation

718

(16)

Reynolds v. Sims (1964)

721

(7)

Miller v. Johnson (1995)

728

(6)

Readings

734

(3)

REFERENCE MATERIAL

Constitution of the United States

737

(10)

Federalist, No. 78

747

(4)

U.S. Presidents

751

(2)

Thumbnail Sketch of the Supreme Court's History

753

(2)

The Justices

755

(6)

Natural Courts

761

(6)

The American Legal System

767

(1)

The Processing of Cases

768

(1)

Supreme Court Calendar

769

(1)

Briefing Supreme Court Cases

770

(2)

Glossary

772

(5)

Subject Index

777

(18)

Case Index

795

(5)

Illustration Credits

800

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Constitutional Law for Changing America

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