- ISBN: 9780133767698 | 0133767698
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 1/21/2016
For courses in constitutional law.
Introduces the core principles of constitutional law in relevant and readable style using real world scenarios and contemporary topics to bring the constitution alive for today’s student!
Relevant and readable, this Third Edition of Constitutional Law: Governmental Powers and Individual Freedoms remains the most up-to-date constitutional law textbook on the market. The text introduces readers to the core principles, cases, and doctrines surrounding the major issues of constitutional law, with an emphasis on governmental powers and civil liberties. Considering real-world cases and contemporary legal scenarios, along with ample visual aids, the text brings the constitution alive, making constitutional law seem relevant rather than remote and theoretical. Modern challenges, cases outside of the Supreme Court, and historical context are also considered, and the Third Edition has been updated with dozens of new cases and contemporary topics.
Daniel E. Hall, a native of Indiana, earned his bachelor’s degree at Indiana University, Juris Doctor at Washburn University, and Doctor of Education in higher education curriculum and instruction at the University of Central Florida. He worked as an intern in the U.S. House of Representatives and at the Brookings Institution before attending law school, as law clerk to both the Honorable Gene E. Brooks, Chief Judge, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Indiana and the Supreme Court of the Federated States of Micronesia immediately following law school.
He has practiced law in both the United States and the Federated State of Micronesia, where he served as Assistant Attorney General following his judicial clerkship with the Supreme Court of Micronesia. In this capacity, he litigated some of the young nation’s first cases addressing important constitutional and traditional law issues.
He has been a member of the faculties of the University of Central Florida, the University of Toledo, and Miami University, where he is currently professor and chairperson of Justice and Community Studies. He is also visiting professor of law at Sun Yatsen University in Goungzhou, China. He is the author or coa-uthor of twenty-one textbooks, including revisions, and a dozen journal articles on public law subjects. He is father of Grace Kathryn Hall and Eva Joan Hall. You can learn more about Daniel at danielhall.org. He welcomes your comments and suggestions for this book, which may be sent to hallslawbooks@gmail.com.
John P. Feldmeier earned his bachelor’s degree in political science from Ohio Dominican College, Juris Doctor from Capital University Law School, and M.A. and Ph.D. in political science from Miami University. Before joining the academy, Dr. Feldmeier practiced law in Ohio, handling numerous cases involving important constitutional issues, including one that reached the U.S. Supreme Court. Dr. Feldmeier has published several articles on constitutional subjects in law reviews and political science journals. He is currently a Professor of Political Science at Wright State University. John resides in Cincinnati, Ohio, with his wife, Melissa, and his two children, Emma and Jack.
Chapter 1 CONSTITUTIONALISM AND RULE OF LAW 1
1.1 Constitutions and Rule of Law 1
1.2 Articles of Confederation 6
1.3 Philadelphia Convention 8
1.3(a) The Delegates and Their Mandate 8
1.3(b) The Debates 11
1.3(c) Individual Rights and Slavery 15
1.3(d) Women and the Franchise 17
1.4 Ratification 17
1.5 Amendments 20
1.5(a) Original Copies of the Constitution and Bill of Rights 21
1.6 Values, Politics, and Constitutional Law 22
1.7 Judicial Review 24
1.7(a) Historical Basis 24
1.7(b) Congressional Action 26
Marbury v. Madison 29
1.7(c) Executive Action 33
United States v. Nixon 34
1.7(d) State Action 36
Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee 36
1.7(e) Shield or Sword? 39
1.7(f) A Diffused Model 41
1.7(g) An International Model 42
1.8 Judicial Eras 43
1.8(a) Early Court: The Least Dangerous Branch 43
1.8(b) Marshall Court: Expanding Federal Authority 43
1.8(c) Taney Court: States’ Rights 44
1.8(d) Reconstruction Era: Federal Authority Expands 44
1.8(e) Pre–New Deal Era: Protecting Commercial Interests 45
1.8(f) New Deal Era: Expanding Federal Authority 45
1.8(g) Warren Court: Expanding Individual Rights 46
1.8(h) Burger Court: A Moderate Approach 46
1.8(i) Rehnquist Court: Protecting States’ Rights 47
1.8(j) Roberts Court: An Unfolding Story 47
1.9 The Court Today 48
1.10 Modern Challenges 52
1.11 Summary 52 • Review Questions 53 • Assignments: Constitutional Law in
Action 54 • Notes 55
Chapter 2 Dividing Governmental Power 57
2.1 Federalism 57
2.1(a) Dual, Hierarchical, and Cooperative Federalism 59
2.1(b) State and National Powers Compared 63
2.2 Separation of Powers 65
2.3 Checks and Balances 67
2.4 Forms of State and Federal Law 69
2.5 Modern Challenges 70
2.6 Summary 70 • Review Questions 71 • Assignments: Constitutional Law in Action 71 • Notes 73
Chapter 3 THE JUDICIARY: ITS ROLE AND JURISDICTION 74
3.1 The Federal Court System 74
3.2 Federal Judges 77
3.3 Formal and Informal Controls on the Federal Judiciary 82
3.3(a) Formal Constraints 83
3.3(b) Informal Constraints 84
3.4 The Role of the Federal Judiciary 85
3.5 Federal Judicial Jurisdiction 87
3.5(a) Case-or-Controversy Requirement 87
Nashville, Cincinnati, and St. Louis Railway v. Wallace 89
3.5(b) Federal Question and Diversity Jurisdiction 90
Federal Question Jurisdiction 90
Grable & Sons v. Darue Engineering 91
Diversity of Citizenship Jurisdiction 93
3.5(c) Pendent Jurisdiction, Removal, and Other Practice Issues 94
Pendent Jurisdiction 94
Removal 94
3.5(d) Supreme Court Jurisdiction 95
Original Jurisdiction 95
Appellate Jurisdiction 97
Ex Parte McCardle 101
United States v. Klein 103
3.5(e) Lower Courts’ Jurisdictions 105
Article III Courts 105
Article I and Article II Courts 107
Administrative Tribunals 108
3.6 Limitations on Federal Judicial Power 109
3.6(a) Ripeness and Mootness 109
Ripeness 109
Mootness 109
Exceptions to Mootness 110
3.6(b) Standing 111
Injury in Fact 111
Sierra Club v. Morton 111
Causation 113
Administrative Law Standing 113
Citizen and Taxpayer Standing 114
Hein v. Freedom from Religion Foundation, Inc. 115
Association Standing 119
Government Standing and Parens Patriae 119
Congressperson Standing 119
Third-Party Standing 120
Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow 120
Hollingsworth v. Perry 122
Credible Threat of Prosecution 123
Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus 123
3.6(c) Political Questions 125
Foreign Affairs, National Security, and Military 128
Tenet v. Doe 128
Exceptions 130
Nixon v. United States 130
3.6(d) Abstention 132
Unsettled State Law 132
Traditional State Law Issues 132
Younger Doctrine 133
3.6(e) Sovereign Immunity and the Eleventh Amendment 133
Coleman v. Court of Appeals of Maryland 136
3.6(f) Other Limitations 137
3.7 State Court Jurisdiction 138
3.8 Constitutional Interpretation 139
3.8(a) Originalism 139
3.8(b) Modernism 141
3.8(c) Historical and Contemporary Literalism 143
3.8(d) Democratic Reinforcement 143
3.8(e) The Interpretation Process 144
3.8(f) Stare Decisis, Canons, and Practices Affecting Interpretation 145
3.8(g) Political Values and Judicial Decisions 150
3.9 Modern Challenges 150
3.10 Summary 151 • Review Questions 152 • Assignments: Constitutional Law in Action 152 • Notes 153
Chapter 4 CONGRESS 158
4.1 Legislatures Generally 158
4.2 The Structure and Organization of Congress 160
4.3 Membership in Congress 161
4.3(a) Qualifications and Election 161
4.3(b) Leadership and Rules 165
4.3(c) Discipline and Punishment 166
Expulsion 166
Censorship and Other Discipline 166
4.3(d) Immunity 167
Gravel v. United States 167
U.S.A v. Rayburn House Office Building, Room 2113,
Washington, D.C. 20515 170
4.3(e) Vacancies 175
4.4 Congressional Authority Generally 175
4.5 Commerce Power 176
Gibbons v. Ogden 176
4.5(a) Early Commerce Clause Cases 177
4.5(b) The New Deal and the Commerce Clause 178
4.5(c) The Commerce Clause Today 178
Affectation and Cumulative Affects 179
Wickard v. Filburn 179
The Outer Limit 180
United States v. Lopez 181
United States v. Morrison 184
Gonzales v. Raich 186
4.6 Taxing, Spending, and Borrowing Powers 189
4.7 International, War, and Military Powers 191
4.8 Emergency Powers 191
4.9 Investigatory Powers 192
4.10 Confirmation and Impeachment Powers 193
4.10(a) Appointment and Confirmation 193
4.10(b) Impeachment 194
4.11 Initiation of Constitutional Amendments 199
4.12 Power Over Federal Courts 200
4.13 Federal Property, Territories, and Native Americans 201
4.14 Enforcement of Civil Rights 202
Katzenbach v. Morgan 202
United States v. Morrison 204
4.15 Other Powers 205
Association of Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics 569 U.S. (2013) 205
4.16 Necessary and Proper Powers 207
United States v. Comstock 208
4.17 Modern Challenges 210
4.18 Summary 211 • Review Questions 211 • Assignments: Constitutional Law in Action 212 • Notes 213
Chapter 5 THE PRESIDENCY 215
5.1 Models of Presidential Authority 215
5.2 Selection, Tenure, and Succession 219
Bush v. Gore 222
5.3 Shared Powers 225
5.4 Domestic Powers 225
5.4(a) Legislation 225
5.4(b) Signing Statements 226
5.4(c) Executive Orders, Proclamations, Memoranda 228
Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer 229
5.4(d) Impoundment, Nondefense, and
Nonenforcement of Laws 231
5.4(e) Appointment and Removal of Officials 232
National Labor Relations Board v. Canning 235
Myers v. United States 240
Humphrey’s Executor v. United States 241
Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Corporation Accounting Oversight Board 244
5.4(f) Reprieves and Pardons 245
5.4(g) Chief Administrative Officer 248
5.4(h) Emergency Powers 248
Korematsu v. United States 252
Ex Parte Endo 254
5.5 Foreign Affairs Powers 256
5.6 Treaties and Executive Agreements 257
5.6(a) Treaty Power 257
5.6(b) Executory and Self-Executing Treaties 259
5.6(c) Executive Agreements 259
Dames & Moore v. Regan 261
5.7 War Powers 264
5.7(a) War Against Terrorism 266
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld 267
5.8 Presidential Privilege 271
5.9 Presidential Immunity 274
Jones v. Clinton 276
5.10 Modern Challenges 278
5.11 Summary 279 • Review Questions 279 • Assignments: Constitutional Law in Action 280 • Notes 280
Chapter 6 ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL SCHEME 283
6.1 Introduction 283
6.2 Agencies and Separation of Powers Principles 284
6.3 Appointment and Control of Federal Officers 285
6.4 Delegation 286
6.5 Nondelegation Doctrine 286
6.5(a) Quasi-Legislative Powers 287
6.5(b) Quasi-Adjudicative Powers 290
6.5(c) Criminal Law Powers 293
Touby v. United States 294
6.5(d) Administrative Procedure Act 295
6.6 Legislative Veto 296
Immigration & Naturalization Service v. Chadha 296
6.7 Modern Challenges 299
6.8 Summary 299 • Review Questions 299 • Assignments: Constitutional Law in Action 300 • Notes 300
Chapter 7 CONTEMPORARY FEDERALISM: THE STATE AND FEDERAL RELATIONSHIP 302
7.1 State Authorities 303
7.2 Congressional Action: Preemption and Validation 306
Preston v. Ferrer 309
7.3 Congressional Inaction: The Dormant Commerce Clause 310
American Trucking Associations, INC. v. Michigan Public Service Commission 311
7.3(a) Discriminatory State Laws 312
7.3(b) Burdensome State Laws 315
7.3(c) Liquor Laws 316
7.3(d) State Taxation as Discriminatory and Burdensome 317
7.3(e) State as Market Participant 319
7.3(f) Privileges and Immunities 320
McBurney v. Young 320
7.4 Intergovernmental Immunity 322
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority 323
7.5 Compacts, Interstate Comity, Full Faith and Credit 326
7.6 G uarantee and Militia Clauses 327
7.7 State Constitutionalism and the New Federalism 328
7.7(a) Approaches to Dual Constitutionalism 330
United States v. Leon 332
Commonwealth v. Edmunds 333
7.8 Modern Challenges 334
7.9 Summary 334 • Review Questions 335 • Assignments: Constitutional Law in Action 335 • Notes 336
Chapter 8 THE BILL OF RIGHTS 339
8.1 Why Do We Have a Bill of Rights? 339
8.2 Who Is Protected by the Bill of Rights? 343
United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez 345
8.3 Who Is Limited by the Bill of Rights? 347
Hurtado v. California 349
Palko v. State of Connecticut 350
McDonald et al. v. City of Chicago, Illinois, et al. 354
8.4 What Rights Are Protected? 355
Griswold v. Connecticut 357
8.5 What Does the Bill of Rights Require of the Government? 358
8.6 Modern Challenges 359
8.7 Summary 361 • Review Questions 361 • Assignments: Constitutional Law in Action 362 • Notes 363
Chapter 9 FIRST AMENDMENT FREEDOMS OF EXPRESSION, ASSOCIATION, AND PRESS 364
9.1 The Values Served by the Freedom of Expression 364
9.2 The Scope and Substance of the First Amendment 367
9.3 Basic Approaches to Freedom of Speech 368
9.3(a) Conduct Versus Expression 369
Texas v. Johnson 369
9.3(b) Balancing Tests for Regulating Speech 371
Schenck v. United States 371
Brandenburg v. Ohio 373
9.4 Freedom of Speech: Other Factors to Consider 374
9.4(a) Content Versus Conduct 374
9.4(b) Vagueness and Overbreadth 374
9.4(c) Ban Versus Regulation 375
¿ Republican Party of Minnesota v. White 376
9.4(d) Public Versus Nonpublic Forum 377
9.4(e) Content and Viewpoint Neutrality 378
9.4(f) Types of Speech 379
Sexual Expression 379
Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition 381
Fighting Words 382
Elonis v. United States 383
Offensive Speech and Hate Speech 385
Defamation 387
Commercial Speech 387
United States v. Alvarez 388
9.4(g) Assessing Governmental Limitations on Speech 391
9.5 Speech and Political Campaigns 392
Citizens United, Appellant v. Federal Election Commission 395
9.6 Freedom of Association 397
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale 398
9.7 Freedom of the Press 399
9.8 Modern Challenges 403
9.9 Summary 403 • Review Questions 404 • Assignments: Constitutional Law in Action 405 • Notes 406
Chapter 10 RELIGION AND THE CONSTITUTION 409
10.1 The Founding of the Religion Clauses 410
10.2 The Textual Meaning of the Religion Clauses 411
10.3 Competing Interpretations of the Establishment Clause 414
10.4 Tests Used to Interpret and Apply the Establishment Clause 414
Lemon v. Kurtzman 415
Newdow v. United States Congress 417
Rev’d Sub Nom. Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow 417
Perry v. Van Orden 421
McCreary County, Kentucky, v. ACLU 422
Town of Greece v. Galloway 425
10.5 The Free Exercise Clause 426
Sherbert v. Verner 428
Employment Division v. Smith 430
10.6 Continuing the Debate Over the Free Exercise of Religion 431
Hobby Lobby v. Burwell 432
10.7 Modern Challenges 436
10.8 Summary 437 • Review Questions 438 • Assignments: Constitutional Law in Action 439 • Notes 440
Chapter 11 SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS: PRIVACY, PERSONAL AUTONOMY, AND OTHER LIBERTIES 442
11.1 Substantive Due Process 443
11.2 The Right to Privacy 445
11.2(a) Defining Privacy 445
11.2(b) Balancing Privacy Against Competing Interests 445
11.2(c) Constitutional Sources of Privacy 446
11.3 Reproductive Liberties 448
Roe v. Wade 449
Planned Parenthood v. Casey 451
11.4 Personal Autonomy and Human Sexuality 455
Lawrence v. Texas 457
11.5 The Liberty of Marriage: The Same-Sex Marriage Cases 460
11.5(a) State Bans on Same-Sex Marriage 460
Obergefell v. Hodges 461
11.5(b) The Federal Defense of Marriage Act 464
United States v. Windsor 466
11.6 The Right to Die 468
Washington v. Glucksberg 469
Gonzales v. Oregon 470
11.7 Modern Challenges 472
11.8 Economic Liberties 472
11.8(a) Due Process and the Liberty of Contract 472
Lochner v. New York 473
11.8(b) The Contract Clause 475
11.8(c) The Takings Clause 476
Kelo v. City of New London 478
11.9 Modern Challenges 479
11.10 Summary 479 • Review Questions 481 • Assignments: Constitutional Law in Action 481 • Notes 482
Chapter 12 EQUAL PROTECTION 484
12.1 Equality as a Constitutional Value 484
Dred Scott v. Sandford 485
12.2 Setting the Stage for Equal Protection 488
12.2(a) State and Federal Sources for Equal Protection 488
Bolling v. Sharpe 489
12.2(b) The Need for “State” Action 489
12.2(c) Nongovernmental Discrimination 490
12.3 The Equal Protection Clause 492
12.3(a) How Suspicious Is the Discrimination? 493
12.3(b) What Constitutional Standard Applies? 494
12.3(c) Putting It All Together: State Action, Civil Rights Laws, and Equal Protection 495
12.4 Race-Based Classifications 497
12.4(a) The Separate but Equal Doctrine 497
Plessy v. Ferguson 498
12.4(b) Ignoring Plessy: Brown v. Board of Education 499
Brown v. Board of Education I 499
12.4(c) Implementing Brown’s Mandate: School Desegregation Cases 500
Brown v. Board of Education II 500
12.4(d) Race as a Suspect Form of Discrimination 502
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1 and Meredith v. Jefferson
County Board of Education 503
12.4(e) Affirmative Action 504
Grutter v. Bollinger 506
Gratz v. Bollinger et al. 507
Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin 508
12.5 Modern Challenges 510
12.6 Sex-Based Classifications 511
Frontiero v. Richardson 511
United States v. Virginia 513
12.7 Sexual Orientation and Identity 515
Romer v. Evans 516
In The Supreme Court of Iowa No. 07–1499 517
12.8 Modern Challenges 520
12.9 Other Characteristic-Driven Classifications 521
12.9(a) Alienage 521
12.9(b) Parents’ Marital Status at Birth (“Illegitimacy”) 522
12.9(c) Age 522
12.9(d) Wealth 522
San Antonio School District v. Rodriguez 523
12.10 Classifications that Interfere with Fundamental Rights 525
Shapiro v. Thompson 527
12.11 Voting Rights 528
12.11(a) Legislative Redistricting 529
12.11(b) National Standards Versus States’ Rights 530
Shelby County, Alabama v. Holder 531
12.11(c) State Restrictions on Individual Voting 534
12.12 Modern Challenges 535
12.13 Summary 536 • Review Questions 537 • Assignments: Constitutional Law in Action 537 • Notes 538
Chapter 13 CIVIL LIBERTIES IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 541
13.1 Constitutional Values in the Criminal Context 542
13.2 Unreasonable Searches and Seizures 543
13.2(a) The Arrest, Seizure, and Detention of Persons 544
Seizure of Persons 544
Arrests 544
13.2(a)(2)(A) The Need for Probable Cause 545
13.2(a)(2)(B) Use of Deadly or Excessive Force 546
13.2(a)(3)(A) Need for Reasonable Suspicion 548
13.2(a)(3)(B) Detention Must Be Relatively Brief 549
13.2(a)(3)(C) Police Patdowns or Frisks 549
13.2(a)(3)(D) Stop and Identify Laws 550
13.2(a)(3)(E) Motor Vehicle Stops 550
Brendlin v. California 551
13.2(a)(3)(F) Traffic Checkpoints 552
13.2(a)(3)(G) Other Motor Vehicle Stops 552
13.2(b) Evidentiary Searches and Seizures 552
Governmental Conduct 552
Reasonable Expectation of Privacy 553
Government Occupation of a Person’s Property 554
United States v. Jones, 565 U.S. ___ 2012 555
The Process for Evaluating Evidentiary Searches and Seizures 556
13.2(c) Warrant-Based Searches and Seizures 557
Validity of a Search Warrant 557
Execution of Warrant 558
Good Faith Exception 559
13.2(d) Warrantless Evidentiary Searches and Seizures 559
Exceptions to the Warrant Requirement 559
13.2(d)(1)(A) Search Incident to a Lawful Arrest 559
Riley v. California, 573 U.S. ___ (2014) 560
13.2(d)(1)(B) Consent Searches 562
13.2(d)(1)(C) Plain View Searches 563
13.2(d)(1)(D) Terry Searches (Stop and Frisk) 563
13.2(d)(1)(E) Exigent Circumstances 564
13.2(d)(1)(F) Vehicle Searches 564
13.2(d)(1)(G) Administrative and Border Searches 565
13.2(d)(1)(H) School Searches 565
Safford Unified School District #1 v. Redding 566
13.3 Modern Challenges 569
13.4 The Right Against Self-Incrimination 569
13.4(a) Custodial Interrogation Requirement 570
13.4(b) Miranda Warnings 571
13.4(c) Basic Framework for Self-Incrimination Issues 572
13.5 The Exclusionary Rule 573
13.6 The Right to Counsel 574
Padilla v. Kentucky 575
13.7 The Right Against Double Jeopardy 576
13.8 The Right to a Fair Trail 577
Public Trial 578
Speedy Trial 578
Jury Trial 578
Juries and Sentencing Factors 579
United States v. Booker and United States v. Fanfan 580
Right to Confront Witnesses 581
Due Process and the Disclosure of Evidence 582
Equal Protection and Prosecutorial Prejudice 582
13.9 Cruel and Unusual Punishment 582
Kennedy v. Louisiana 586
13.10 Modern Challenges 587
13.11 Summary 587 • Review Questions 589 • Assignments: Constitutional Law in Action 589 • Notes 591
Appendix A Constitution of the United States of America 595
Glossary 609
Index 621
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