Constitutional Rights and New Technologies: A Comparative Study

, by Edited by Ronald E. Leenes , Bert-Jaap Koops , Paul De Hert

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ISBN: 9789067042468 | 9067042463
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/12/2008

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New technologies affect the legal system, but do they and should they also affect constitutional rights? These are questions that every country has to address, taking into account their constitutional system and legal tradition. This book surveys changes in constitutional rights and human-rights policy related to developments in ICT and new technologies in the USA, Canada, France, Germany, Sweden, Belgium and the Netherlands. The seven country reports provide in-depth accounts of changes to the constitutional system (such as a constitutional review and the influence of international law), case law and (policy) developments with respect to freedom of expression, privacy, inviolability of the body, inviolability of the home and freedom of communication. The book is recommended to policy-makers, members of the judiciary, academics and practitioners, as it provides inspiration for diverging strategies to achieve continued protection for the widely-shared constitutional values of privacy and freedom of expression.

Summary of Contents	p. v
Abbreviations	p. xv
Introduction	p. 1
Background: developments in technology	p. 1
A comparative study	p. 3
Scope and research question	p. 4
Background: the Koekkoek report of 2000	p. 5
Policy developments	p. 6
Constitutional systems and the position of 'digital rightsÆ	p. 6
Changes in legislation prior to 2000	p. 8
Constitutional revision up to 2000	p. 8
References	p. 9
Constitutional Rights and New Technologies in Belgium	p. 11
Introduction	p. 11
History of digital constitutional rights	p. 12
Before 2000	p. 12
Since 2000	p. 14
New federal instruments for governance	p. 15
New regional instruments for governance	p. 16
Governance and e-government	p. 17
Changes in the constitutional system	p. 18
Privacy-related rights	p. 21
Privacy and data protection	p. 21
The Constitution	p. 21
Constitutional case law	p. 23
Privacy versus security	p. 24
Data-protection legislation	p. 25
Inviolability of the home	p. 26
The Constitution	p. 26
Legislation	p. 28
Inviolability of the body	p. 29
The Constitution	p. 29
Legislation	p. 31
Communication-related rights	p. 34
Secrecy of communications	p. 34
The Constitution	p. 34
Legislation	p. 35
Freedom of expression	p. 38
The Constitution	p. 38
Case law	p. 39
Hate speech on the Internet	p. 40
Confidentiality of sources	p. 41
Right to reply	p. 41
Children: freedom of expression versus protection against harmful material	p. 42
Other developments	p. 43
Other and new constitutional rights	p. 43
Equal treatment	p. 43
No crime without law	p. 44
Right of access to public information	p. 45
The right to communicate with the administration by electronic means	p. 47
E-voting	p. 48
Conclusion	p. 48
References	p. 49
Constitutional Rights and New Technologies in Canada	p. 57
Introduction	p. 57
History of digital constitutional rights	p. 57
Before 2000	p. 57
Since 2000	p. 59
Copyright	p. 59
Security versus privacy rights	p. 60
Changes in the constitutional system	p. 62
Privacy-related rights	p. 63
Privacy and data protection	p. 63
Inviolability of the home	p. 68
Inviolability of the body	p. 69
Communication-related rights	p. 71
Secrecy of communications	p. 71
General	p. 71
Lawful Access Initiative	p. 73
Freedom of expression	p. 77
Anti-terrorism and cybercrime	p. 78
Human rights	p. 79
Political speech	p. 80
Court proceedings	p. 81
Blocking and filtering	p. 82
Protest and parody	p. 83
Anonymity	p. 84
Intermediary liability	p. 85
Copyright	p. 86
Trademarks and domain names	p. 87
Conclusion	p. 88
References	p. 91
Constitutional Rights and New Technologies in France	p. 95
Introduction	p. 95
History of digital constitutional rights	p. 98
Changes in the constitutional system	p. 101
The constitutional reforms	p. 101
Evolution of the jurisprudence by the Constitutional Council	p. 102
Constitutional revisions by the Constitutional Council	p. 102
The constitutional immunity of laws transposing European directives	p. 103
Examining the compatibility of the transposition law and the directive	p. 104
Privacy-related rights	p. 105
Privacy and data protection	p. 105
Questions regarding the handling of personal data	p. 106
Setting up the processing of personal data	p. 108
The consultation of data bases	p. 109
Problems related to the use of new surveillance technologies	p. 110
Inviolability of the home	p. 111
Inviolability of the body	p. 112
General	p. 112
Bio-ethics laws	p. 113
Processing biometric data	p. 115
Communication-related rights	p. 116
Secrecy of communications	p. 116
E-mail as private correspondence	p. 117
Retention of traffic data	p. 118
Confidentiality and anonymity	p. 121
Freedom of expression	p. 122
Creation of a new category of communications: 'on-line communicationsÆ	p. 123
Offences committed on the Internet	p. 124
Liability of actors on the Internet	p. 126
Protection of minors	p. 128
Creation of a Rating Commission of on-line communication services	p. 129
Other and new constitutional rights	p. 130
The freedom to go about anonymously	p. 130
The legal value of electronic documents	p. 130
The right to communicate with the Administration by electronic means	p. 131
E-voting	p. 131
Conclusion	p. 132
References	p. 133
Constitutional Rights and New Technologies in Germany	p. 137
Introduction	p. 137
History of digital constitutional rights and changes in the constitutional system	p. 138
Privacy-related rights	p. 138
Privacy and data protection	p. 138
Current developments concerning privacy	p. 139
General appreciation of privacy versus security	p. 140
Video surveillance	p. 141
Application of GPS for criminal prosecution	p. 142
Consideration of privacy in relation to communication-related rights	p. 142
Publishing personal information by a search engine	p. 143
Personal information and pictures in computer games	p. 144
Current developments concerning data protection	p. 144
RFID	p. 145
Digital counterterrorism data base	p. 146
Inviolability of the home	p. 146
Electronic eavesdropping	p. 147
Inviolability of the body	p. 148
New technology for searching the body	p. 149
Biomedical sciences and biotechnology	p. 150
Communication-related rights	p. 150
Secrecy of communications	p. 150
Requesting information from mobile radio providers	p. 152
Freedom of expression	p. 153
Freedom of assembly	p. 154
Conclusion	p. 155
References	p. 156
Constitutional Rights and New Technologies in the Netherlands	p. 159
Introduction	p. 159
History of digital constitutional rights	p. 160
Characteristics of the Constitution	p. 160
Digital constitutional rights	p. 161
Changes in the constitutional system	p. 163
Privacy-related rights	p. 164
Privacy and data protection	p. 164
The right to privacy	p. 164
Data protection	p. 166
Inviolability of the home	p. 168
Constitutional protection	p. 168
The home in relation to criminal investigation	p. 171
Inviolability of the body	p. 172
Constitutional protection	p. 172
The body in relation to criminal investigation	p. 174
Communication-related rights	p. 176
Secrecy of communications	p. 176
Constitutional protection	p. 176
The secrecy of communications in relation to criminal investigation	p. 179
Freedom of expression	p. 180
Constitutional protection	p. 180
Freedom of expression in a digital environment	p. 181
Liability of Internet Service Providers	p. 183
Search engines	p. 184
Weblogs	p. 185
Other and new constitutional rights	p. 185
Petition	p. 185
Association and assembly	p. 186
Anonymity	p. 187
Access to government information	p. 188
Internet and electronic voting	p. 189
Conclusion	p. 190
References	p. 193
Constitutional Rights and New Technologies in Sweden	p. 199
Introduction	p. 199
History of digital constitutional rights	p. 201
Changes in the constitutional system	p. 202
Privacy-related rights	p. 203
Privacy and data protection	p. 203
Privacy protection versus freedom of expression	p. 204
Privacy protection versus right of access to official documents	p. 206
Inviolability of home and body	p. 208
Communication-related rights	p. 210
Secrecy of communications	p. 210
Freedom of expression	p. 212
Other constitutional rights	p. 215
Access to official documents and the Swedish principle of openness	p. 215
Management of official documents	p. 218
Acts of law and other provisions	p. 219
Distribution of competence	p. 221
Conclusion	p. 221
References	p. 223
Constitutional Rights and New Technologies in the United States	p. 225
Introduction	p. 225
History and scope of digital constitutional rights	p. 226
History	p. 226
Scope	p. 228
Changes in the constitutional system	p. 229
Privacy-related rights	p. 230
Privacy and data protection	p. 231
Fourth Amendment: overview	p. 231
'PapersÆ	p. 232
Letters	p. 233
Wiretapping	p. 234
Traffic data	p. 236
Tracking devices	p. 239
Inviolability of the home	p. 241
Inviolability of the body	p. 243
Genetic testing	p. 244
Communication-related rights	p. 246
Secrecy of communications	p. 246
First Amendment	p. 247
Fifth Amendment	p. 251
Freedom of speech	p. 256
Other and new constitutional rights	p. 258
Conclusion	p. 259
References	p. 261
Conclusions and Recommendations	p. 265
General	p. 265
General constitutional characteristics and developments	p. 265
Little constitutional dynamics as a general trend	p. 265
The impact of international legal instruments	p. 267
Constitutional review	p. 268
Horizontal effect	p. 269
Privacy	p. 269
General	p. 269
Data protection	p. 271
Inviolability of the home	p. 273
Inviolability of the body	p. 275
Communication-related rights	p. 276
Secrecy of communications	p. 276
Traffic data and data retention	p. 277
Freedom of expression	p. 278
Other and new constitutional rights	p. 281
Right to anonymity	p. 281
Various	p. 281
Conclusion	p. 283
Conclusion	p. 284
References	p. 285
Appendix: Participants to the Workshop Constitutional Rights and New Technologies, The Hague, 1 December 2006	p. 287
About the authors	p. 289
Index	p. 293
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Constitutional Rights and New Technologies: A Comparative Study

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Table of Contents

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