Contemporary Musicianship Analysis and the Artist

Contemporary Musicianship, Second Edition, presents traditional music theory and analysis in an innovative manner, combining music history, popular culture, and composition in order to reach a broader audience: the non-music major and the music business/industry student. The text teaches students the basic principles of music theory while incorporating the great works of classical performers and popular artists. It includes real-life scenarios that show students how to think like industry musicians.

Jennifer Snodgrass is Professor of Music Theory in the Hayes School of Music at Appalachian State University.

Preface

CHAPTER 1. THE BASICS OF PITCH AND RHYTHMIC NOTATION
ARTIST IN RESIDENCE: THE MUSIC OF THE MOVIES
Chapter Objectives
Pitches and Clefs
The Grand Staff and Octave Identification
Ledger Lines
The Keyboard
Accidentals
Rhythm and Meter
Simple Meter
Compound Meter
The Final Scene
Reviewing Chapter Objectives
Exercises
Analysis
Chopin, Ballade No. 1 in G Minor
Johann Strauss, "The Blue Danube" from 2001: A Space Odyssey
Aural Skills Conditioning 1
Introduction to Reading Rhythm
More Practice with Takadimi
Rhythmic Dictation
--The Final Note: Real-World Perspective: Sharon Corbitt-House, Studio Manager of Grand Victor Sound and
Co-Manager of Ben Folds

CHAPTER 2. MAJOR SCALES AND KEY SIGNATURES
ARTISTS IN RESIDENCE: FAMOUS COLLABORATIONS
Chapter Objectives
The Major Scale
Notating Major Scales Using the WWHWWWH Method
Major Key Signatures
Identification of Major Key Signatures
Notating Major Key Signatures
Artists in Residence: Collaboration 1: Kid Rock and Sheryl Crow
Artists in Residence: Collaboration 2: Appalachia Waltz Trio
The Circle of Fifths
Artists in Residence: Collaboration 3: "We Are the World," Various Artists (1985)
Artists in Residence: Collaboration 4: The Three Tenors
Backstage Pass: When Collaborations Go Wrong--Very Very Wrong
Reviewing Chapter Objectives
Exercises
Aural Skills Conditioning 2
Introduction to Solf?ge
Sight Singing: Melodies That Move by Step
--The Final Note: Real-World Perspective: Mark O'Connor, Composer, Educator, Musician

CHAPTER 3. MINOR SCALES AND KEY SIGNATURES, MODES
ARTIST IN RESIDENCE: LANG LANG
Chapter Objectives
Parallel Key Relationships
Notating Minor Scales
Relative Key Relationships
Identification of Minor Key Signatures
Notating Minor Key Signatures
Circle of Fifths
Artist in Residence: An Overnight Rise to Stardom
Natural Minor Scale
Harmonic Minor Scale
Melodic Minor Scale
Artist in Residence: Practice Makes Perfect
Tendency Tones in Major and Minor Keys
Artist in Residence: Giving Back
Modes
Reviewing Chapter Objectives
Exercises
Aural Skills Conditioning 3
Sight Singing: Melodies That Move by Step
Scale Degree Identification

CHAPTER 4. INTERVALS
ARTIST IN RESIDENCE: ADELE
Chapter Objectives
Interval Quality: The Major Scale Method (1, 4, 5, 8)
Backstage Pass: Rolling in the Deep
Interval Quality: The Major Scale Method (2, 3, 6, 7)
Inversion of Intervals
White Key Method
Compound Intervals
The Half-Step Method
Backstage Pass: Time for Something a Little Different and a Little More Real
Writing Intervals on the Staff
Backstage Pass: The Dangers of the Rock-Star Lifestyle
Transposition of Instruments
Reviewing Chapter Objectives
Exercises
Analysis
Taylor Swift, "You Belong with Me"
Rodgers and Hammerstein, "You'll Never Walk Alone"
Adele, "Hello"
Aural Skills Conditioning 4
Hearing Seconds and Thirds
Singing Seconds and Thirds
Interval Identification: Seconds and Thirds
Hearing and Singing Perfect Fourths and Fifths
Interval Identification: Fourths and Fifths
Mixed Intervals
Sight Singing: Melodies with Leaps
Melodic Dictation

CHAPTER 5. TRIADS
ARTIST IN RESIDENCE: DOLLY PARTON
Chapter Objectives
Triads
Closed and Open Position
Accompaniment Patterns
Triads within Context
Backstage Pass: A Girl From the Mountains to the Stage
Inverted Triad
Backstage Pass: Philanthropist Parton: Giving Back to Those in Need
Reviewing Chapter Objectives
Exercises
Analysis
Dolly Parton, "Coat of Many Colors"
Gounod, "Ave Maria"
Aural Skills Conditioning 5
Hearing Triads
Singing Triads
Triad Identification
Review of Rhythmic Reading: The Addition of the Tie
--The Final Note: Real-World Perspective: Danny Nozell, CEO of CTK Management and Manager to Dolly Parton

CHAPTER 6. SEVENTH CHORDS
ARTIST IN RESIDENCE: JOSHUA BELL
Chapter Objectives
Identification of Seventh Chords
The Sound Quality of the Seventh Chord
Inversions of Seventh Chords
Artist in Residence: The Poet of the Violin
Backstage Pass: Playing for Pennies: The Subway Experiment
Reviewing Chapter Objectives
Exercises
Analysis
Gershwin, "I Loves You Porgy" from Porgy and Bess
Saint-Sa?ns, "Le Cygne" from Le Carnaval des Animaux
Bruno Mars, "When I Was Your Man"
Aural Skills Conditioning 6
Hearing and Singing Solf?ge: Joshua Bell
Sight Singing: Melodies That Outline Triads and Seventh Chords
--The Final Note: Real-World Perspective: Joshua Bell, International Performer of Violin

CHAPTER 7. LEAD SHEET SYMBOLS
ARTIST IN RESIDENCE: ELVIS PRESLEY
Chapter Objectives
Backstage Pass: Play It Again, and Again, and Again
Backstage Pass: King of Rock and Roll? Who Decides?
Reviewing Chapter Objectives
Exercises
Analysis
Fun., "We Are Young"
Fun., "Some Nights"
Logan Hefner, "Heart Upon my Sleeve"
Aural Skills Conditioning 7
Hearing and Singing Seventh Chords
Hearing and Singing Progressions: Elvis Presley, "Can't Help Falling in Love"
Seventh Chord Identification
Hearing Sixths and Sevenths
Singing Sixths and Sevenths
Interval Identification: Sixths and Sevenths
--The Final Note: Real-World Perspective: Layng Martine, 2013 Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame Inductee

CHAPTER 8. ROMAN NUMERALS AND FIGURED BASS
ARTIST IN RESIDENCE: CECILIA BARTOLI
Chapter Objectives
Harmonic Function
Figured Bass
The Uniqueness of the Second Inversion Triad
Important Things to Realize about Realization
Keyboard Format
Artist in Residence: Schooling Americans in Italian Art Song
Artist in Residence: A Diva on the Stage: Bringing the Eighteenth Century Back into Style
Reviewing Chapter Objectives
Exercises
Analysis
William Billings, "Here Is a Song, which Doth Belong"
Cecilia Bartoli, Bellini's "Vaga luna"
Maria Callas, Puccini's "O mio babbino caro" from Gianni Schicchi
Cecilia Bartoli, Rossini's "Non pi? mesta" from the opera La Cenerentola
Composition Project
Aural Skills Conditioning 8
Hearing Tritones
Singing Tritones
Singing Intervals (All)
Identifying Intervals (All)
Singing Triads and Seventh Chords
Identifying Chords
Singing Progressions: Mozart, "Voi che sapete"
Performing the Do-Ti Test
Finishing the Progression
Harmonizing Melodies
--The Final Note: Real-World Perspective: Paulina Villarreal, Professional Opera Singer, Professor at Centenary College, and Founder/Director of "Cantos Para Hermanar al Mundo"

CHAPTER 9. PHRASES AND CADENCES
ARTIST IN RESIDENCE: MICHAEL JACKSON
Chapter Objectives
Cadence Types
Phrases
Periods
Artist in Residence: Child Star to Solo Superstar
Artist in Residence: Breaking All the Records
Reviewing Chapter Objectives
Exercises
Analysis
King's College, Mozart's "Ave Verum Corpus," K. 618
Mendelssohn, "Die Nachtigall"
Aural Skills Conditioning 9
Listening for Cadences
Identifying Cadence Types
Hearing Phrases and Cadences Beyond the Four-Measure Phrase: Jackson 5, "I'll Be There"
Other Examples for Individual Study

CHAPTER 10. NON-CHORD TONES I
ARTIST IN RESIDENCE: P!NK
Chapter Objectives
Non-Chord Tones
Artist in Residence: Finding Her Voice among the Pop Princesses
Artist in Residence: Flying through the Air
Reviewing Chapter Objectives
Exercises
Analysis
Mozart, "Batti, Batti" from Don Giovanni
Bellini, "Vaga luna"
Bach, "Nun ruhen alle W?lder"
Mozart, "Menuetto" from Clarinet Quintet in A Major, K. 581, Mvt. III
Ed Sheeran, "Thinking Out Loud"
Aural Skills Conditioning 10
Singing Chorale Phrases with Non-chord Tones
Hearing Non-Chord Tones in a Chorale Phrase
--The Final Note: Real-World Perspective: Billy Mann, Songwriter and Producer

CHAPTER 11. NON-CHORD TONES II
ARTIST IN RESIDENCE: ELLA FITZGERALD
Chapter Objectives
Suspension
Artist in Residence: First Lady of Song
Retardation
Backstage Pass: Black and White
Reviewing Chapter Objectives
Exercises
Analysis
Ella Fitzgerald, "Autumn in New York"
Bernadette Peters, "My Romance"
Composition Project
Aural Skills Conditioning 11
Hearing Non-Chord Tones: "We Are the World" and "In Remembrance"
Singing Chorale Phrases with Non-Chord Tones
Hearing Non-Chord Tones in Chorale Phrases
Other Examples for Individual Study
--The Final Note: Real-World Perspective: Carmen Bradford, Jazz Vocalist and Lead Singer for the Count Basie Orchestra

CHAPTER 12. SECONDARY DOMINANTS
ARTIST IN RESIDENCE: BILLY JOEL
Chapter Objectives
Artist in Residence: The Piano Man
Recognizing Secondary Dominants in Context
Spelling Secondary Dominants
Artist in Residence: Big Shot
Reviewing Chapter Objectives
Exercises
Analysis
Billy Joel, "Shameless"
Krystian Zimerman, Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 8 in C Minor, Op. 13 ("Path?tique"), Mvt. II
Mozart, String Quartet in No. 5 in F Major, K. 158, Mvt. I
Mozart, Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, K. 525, Mvt. I
Handel, "He Was Despised" from Messiah
Composition Project
Aural Skills Conditioning 12 (Review)
Review of Sight-Singing: Melodies Outlining the I and V Chords
Review of Melodic Dictation: Melodies Outlining the I and V Chords
Review of Harmonic Progression: Chord Identification
Review of Intervals: Interval Identification (All)
Aural Skills Conditioning 12 (Advanced)
Secondary Dominants
Hearing Secondary Chords: Billy Joel, Ben Folds, and Moving Pictures
Singing Progressions with Secondary Chords
Chord Identification: Secondary Chords
Singing Melodies
--Backstage Pass: Honesty: Everyone Is So Untrue

CHAPTER 13. SECONDARY LEADING TONE CHORDS
ARTIST IN RESIDENCE: REN?E FLEMING
Chapter Objectives
Artist in Residence: Ambition and Drive: The People's Diva
Recognizing Secondary Leading Tones in Context
Song Spotlight: Classical Music to the Masses: Queens, Presidents, and the Muppets
Spelling Secondary Leading Tone Chords
Reviewing Chapter Objectives
Artist in Residence: Brava!!! Honors and Awards
Exercises
Analysis
Antonio Caldara, "Alma del core"
Richard Strauss, "Die erwachte Rose" from Drei Liebeslieder
Beethoven, String Quartet No. 4 in C Minor, Op. 18
Aural Skills Conditioning 13 (Review)
Review of Sight-Singing: Melodies Outlining the ii and IV Chords
Review of Melodic Dictation: Melodies Outlining the ii and IV Chords
Review of Harmonic Progression: Chord Identification
Review of Rhythmic Dictation
Aural Skills Conditioning 13 (Advanced)
Secondary Leading Tone Chords
Singing Secondary Leading Tone Chords
Hearing Secondary Chords
Hearing Secondary Chords in Context
--The Final Note: Real-World Perspective: Ren?e Fleming, International Opera Star

CHAPTER 14. BORROWED CHORDS
ARTIST IN RESIDENCE: BRUNO MARS
Chapter Objectives
Artist in Residence: From a Young Michael Jackson to a Modern Day Hitmaker
The Borrowed IV
The Borrowed bVII
The Borrowed bVI
The Borrowed bIII
Reviewing Chapter Objectives
Exercises
Analysis
Edward MacDowell, "To a Wild Rose" from Woodland Sketches (1896)
Friedrich von Flotow, "Ach, so fromm, ach so traut" from Martha (1847)
Haydn, Symphony No. 100, Mvt. I
Aural Skills Conditioning 14
Borrowed Chords
Singing Borrowed Chords
Hearing Borrowed Chords Within Context
Challenging Your Ears: The Next Step
--The Final Note: Real-World Perspective: Pat McMakin, Director of Operations for Ocean Way Recording Studio

CHAPTER 15. MODULATIONS IN POPULAR MUSIC
ARTIST IN RESIDENCE: QUEEN
Chapter Objectives
Closely Related Keys
Pivot Chord Modulation
Artist in Residence: Killer Queen
Direct Modulation
Song Spotlight: "We Are the Champions"
Sequential Modulation
Pivot Tone Modulation
Song Spotlight: "Bohemian Rhapsody"
Monophonic Modulation
Other Modulations in "Bohemian Rhapsody"
Backstage Pass: Death of a Superstar
Reviewing Chapter Objectives
Exercises
Analysis
Traditional, "Flee as a Bird"
The Temptations, "My Girl"
Felix Bernard, "Winter Wonderland"
Camille Saint-Sa?ns, "Le Cygne" from Carnaval des Animaux
Jon Bon Jovi, "Livin on a Prayer"
Composition Project
Aural Skills Conditioning 15
Modulation
Classical Period
Romantic Period
1970s Popular Music
1980s Popular Music
1990s Popular Music
2000s Popular Music
2010s Popular Music
--The Final Note: Real-World Perspective: Michael McDonald, Owner of Mick Management, Representing Artists Such as CAAMP, Jon Batiste, and Walk the Moon

APPENDIX 1. NASHVILLE NUMBER SYSTEM
ARTISTS IN RESIDENCE: FOR THE FATHERLESS, NICOLE WITT, AND CHELEY TACKETT
Chapter Objectives
The Basics of the Nashville Number System
Chords
Harmonic Rhythm
Artists in Residence: For the Fatherless, Brian Yak and Christa Yak
Understanding Nashville Numbers in Context: For the Fatherless
Artist in Residence: Nicole Witt, Songwriter and Member of Farewell Angelina
Understanding Nashville Numbers in Context: Nicole Witt
Reviewing Chapter Objectives
Exercises
--The Final Note: Real-World Perspective: Cheley Tackett, Singer-Songwriter

APPENDIX 2. SONG FORM AND PERSPECTIVES FROM SONGWRITERS
Chapter Objectives
The Process of Songwriting
Terminology in Songwriting
Studying the Songs
Artist in Residence: Songwriter 1: The Hunts
Artists in Residence: Songwriter 2: Pat Alger
Artist in Residence: Songwriter 3: James Isaac Elliott
Artist in Residence: Songwriter 4: Tom Douglas
Artist in Residence: Songwriter 5: Ben Folds
Reviewing Chapter Objectives
Composition Project

APPENDIX 3. LEAD SHEET SYMBOLS AND SPELLINGS FOR COMMONLY USED CHORDS
APPENDIX 4. PART-WRITING GUIDELINES
APPENDIX 5. TIMINGS FOR YOUTUBE CHANNEL
APPENDIX 6. GLOSSARY

Selected Bibliography and Sources Consulted
Credits
Index of Musical Examples
Index by Topic

SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL AVAILABLE ONLINE
Answers to Selected Exercises (Written and Aural)
Additional Exercises Featuring Contextual Analysis of Works by Women Composers

ONLINE CHAPTER 1. EXTENDED CHORDS: THE NINTH, ELEVENTH, AND THIRTEENTH
ARTISTS IN RESIDENCE: BARBARA HENDRICKS AND CARMEN BRADFORD
Chapter Objectives
Backstage Pass: The Original Blurred Lines: Impressionism
Ninth Chords
Artist in Residence: Barbara Hendricks: Curious Student, Scholar, Philanthropist, and Artist
Artist in Residence: Carmen Bradford: Jazz Ambassador with the Powerhouse Voice
Eleventh and Thirteenth Chords
Reviewing Chapter Objectives
Exercises
Analysis
Debussy, La cath?drale engloutie ("The Sunken Cathedral")
Ravel, Pavane pour une infante d?funte
Duke Ellington, "Prelude to a Kiss"
Willard Robison and Larry Conley, "A Cottage for Sale"
Irving Berlin, "Cheek to Cheek"
--The Final Note: Real-World Perspective: Barbara Hendricks, International Opera Star

ONLINE CHAPTER 2. CHROMATIC CHORDS FUNCTIONING AS THE PREDOMINANT
ARTIST IN RESIDENCE: JACQUELINE DU PR?
Chapter Objectives
Neapolitan Chords
Artist in Residence: Driven with Intensity: Jacqueline du Pr?
Song Spotlight: The Elgar Cello Concerto
Backstage Pass: A Love Story: Daniel Barenboim and Jackie
Augmented Sixth Chords
Italian Augmented Sixth (It+6)
French Augmented Sixth (Fr+6)
German Augmented Sixth (Ger+6)
Artist in Residence: An Artist's Early Demise
Summary of Augmented Sixth Chords
Reviewing Chapter Objectives
Exercises
Analysis
Chopin, Nocturne No. 20 in C# Minor
Haydn, String Quartet No. 5 in F Minor, Op. 20, Mvt. I
Mozart, "Lacrymosa" from Requiem
Anonymous, "Quella fiamma che m'accende"
Beethoven, Piano Sonata No. 14 in C# Minor ("Moonlight")

ONLINE CHAPTER 3. MODULATIONS IN CLASSICAL MUSIC
ARTIST IN RESIDENCE: LEONARD BERNSTEIN
Chapter Objectives
Pivot Chord Modulation
Pivot Chord Modulation in Context
Artist in Residence: Music's Monarch: Leonard Bernstein (1918-1990)
Backstage Pass: Make Our Garden Grow: The Transition to Broadway and Television
Chromatic Pivot Chord Modulation
Direct Modulation
Pivot Tone Modulation
Monophonic Modulation
Reviewing Chapter Objectives
Analysis
Chorale Settings
Felix Bernard, "Winter Wonderland"
Camille Saint-Sa?ns, "Le cynge" from Carnaval des Animaux
Franz Schubert, "Pause" from Die Sch"ne M?llerin
Mozart, Symphony No. 41 in C Major, K. 551, Mvt. I
Mozart, Symphony No. 41 in C Major, K. 551, Mvt. I
Mozart, Symphony No. 41 in C Major, K. 551, Mvt. III
Mozart, Symphony No. 35 in D Major, K. 385, Mvt. III

ONLINE CHAPTER 4. CLASSICAL FORMS
ARTISTS IN RESIDENCE: THE ORIGINAL ROCK STARS: MOZART, CHOPIN, AND THE BOYS
Chapter Objectives
Artists in Residence: The Original Rock Stars of the Classical Music World
Binary Form
Ternary Form
Artists in Residence: The Great Masters of Classical Composition
Rondo Form
Sonata Form
Concerto Form
Analysis
Reviewing Chapter Objectives