Contemporary Theories of Knowledge

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ISBN: 9780847689378 | 0847689379
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 3/18/1999

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This exciting new edition of the classic Contemporary Theories of Knowledge has been significantly updated to include analyses of the recent literature in epistemology. In addition, a new case is made for the strong connection between epistemology and artificial intelligence, as Pollock and Cruz argue that a necessary condition for the correctness of any epistemological theory is that it be possible to build an implemented artificial intelligence system on the basis of it. Like the first edition, Contemporary Theories of Knowledge, Second Edition is an excellent teaching tool, introducing the reader to the fundamental issues and approaches in the field of epistemology.

Preface	p. xi
The Problems of Knowledge
Cognition	p. 1
Skeptical Problems	p. 2
Knowledge and Justification	p. 11
Areas of Knowledge	p. 15
Perceptual Knowledge	p. 15
A Priori Knowledge	p. 16
Moral Knowledge	p. 17
Knowledge of Other Minds	p. 18
Memory	p. 18
Induction	p. 19
Theories of Knowledge	p. 22
Doxastic Theories	p. 22
Foundations Theories	p. 23
Coherence Theories	p. 23
Nondoxastic Theories	p. 24
Internalism	p. 24
Externalism	p. 26
Plan of the Book	p. 27
Foundations Theories
Motivation	p. 29
Basic Beliefs	p. 30
Epistemic Ascent	p. 35
Defeasible Reasons	p. 36
Justified Belief and Undefeated Arguments	p. 37
The Problem of Perception	p. 38
Phenomenalism	p. 38
Using Induction	p. 40
Inference to the Best Explanation	p. 41
Scientific Realism	p. 42
Defeasible Reasons	p. 44
Reasoning and Memory	p. 45
Occurrent Thoughts	p. 45
Memory as a Source of Knowledge	p. 46
Genetic Arguments and Dynamic Arguments	p. 49
Primed Search	p. 53
Reconsideration of Epistemologically Basic Beliefs	p. 55
Incorrigible Appearance Beliefs	p. 56
Problems with Incorrigible Appearance Beliefs	p. 58
Prima Facie Justified Beliefs	p. 59
Problems with Prima Facie Justified Beliefs	p. 60
Problems with Foundationalism	p. 61
Coherence Theories
Motivation	p. 66
A Taxonomy of Coherence Theories	p. 70
Positive and Negative Coherence Theories	p. 70
Linear and Holistic Coherence Theories	p. 71
The Regress Argument	p. 72
The Isolation Argument	p. 74
Holistic Positive Coherence Theories	p. 75
Lehrer's Theory	p. 75
Problems for Holistic Positive Coherence Theories	p. 77
Negative Coherence Theories	p. 80
Harman's Theory	p. 81
Problems with Negative Coherence Theories	p. 82
Nondoxastic Theories and Direct Realism	p. 84
Externalism
Motivation	p. 89
Varieties of Probability	p. 92
Subjective Probability	p. 93
Indefinite Physical Probabilities	p. 98
Definite Propensities	p. 100
Probabilism	p. 100
The Simple Rule and Bayesian Epistemology	p. 101
Epistemic Probabilities	p. 103
Subjective Probabilities	p. 103
Mixed Physical/Epistemic Probabilities	p. 104
Propensities	p. 104
General Difficulties	p. 104
Other Forms of Probabilism	p. 109
Reliabilism	p. 111
Goldman's Theory	p. 112
Problems for Process Reliabilism	p. 113
Other Forms of Reliabilism	p. 119
Other Versions of Externalism	p. 119
Epistemic Norms
Recapitulation	p. 122
Epistemic Norms	p. 123
How Do Epistemic Norms Regulate?	p. 124
Epistemic Normativity	p. 124
The Intellectualist Model	p. 125
Do Epistemic Norms Regulate?	p. 125
Procedural Knowledge	p. 127
The Competence/Performance Distinction	p. 128
Normative Language	p. 129
Epistemic Norms Are Procedural Norms	p. 129
The Refutation of Externalism	p. 130
Belief Externalism	p. 132
Reconsidering the Doxastic Assumption	p. 136
Norm Externalism	p. 137
Epistemological Relativism and the Individuation of Concepts	p. 142
Theories of Individuation	p. 142
Truth Conditions	p. 143
The Logical Theory of Concepts	p. 144
Rational Roles	p. 147
Conclusions	p. 150
Epistemology and Rationality
Epistemological Theories	p. 152
Human Rationality	p. 154
Epistemological Methodology	p. 158
Naturalized Epistemology	p. 162
Ontological Naturalism	p. 162
Methodological Naturalism	p. 163
Naturalism and Psychology	p. 170
Naturalistic Internalism	p. 171
Generic Rationality	p. 173
Truth and the Evaluation of Cognitive Architectures	p. 175
How to Build a Person	p. 176
Oscar I	p. 179
Oscar II	p. 179
Oscar III	p. 181
Mental Representations	p. 185
Conclusions	p. 190
Direct Realism
Introduction	p. 191
Defending Direct Realism	p. 191
Levels of Epistemological Theorizing	p. 192
Filling out Direct Realism	p. 193
Reasoning	p. 194
Reasons	p. 194
Defeaters	p. 196
Justified Beliefs	p. 197
Perception	p. 201
Implementation	p. 203
Temporal Projection	p. 207
Implementing Temporal Projection	p. 211
Reasoning about Change	p. 219
The Statistical Syllogism	p. 229
Induction	p. 234
Recapitulation	p. 238
Bibliography	p. 240
Index	p. 257
About the Authors	p. 263
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

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