Core and Metro Networks

The book gives an overview of the status, the challenges, the architectures, and technological solutions for core and metropolitan networks aiming to support broadband services. It describes the current state of fixed telecommunication networks and the drivers and motives behind the current paradigm shift in the telecommunications industry. The book also explains how systems for point-to- point optical networks should be designed taking into account the analogue nature of the transmission channel as well as the migration from point-to-point to multi-hop optical networks, from static to dynamic networks, the migration towards data-centric networks and the role of optics in switching. Comprehensive coverage of all aspects of core and metro networks supporting future broadband services. Describes the state-of-the-art of fixed communication networks. Covers hot topics such as multi-hop optical networks, dynamic networks as well as data-centric networks. Shows how current systems will need to evolve over the next years, summarizing challenges and issues to be investigated in future research. Provides results, best practices and guidelines to various technical problems, including numerous hands-on examples. Written by authors from cutting-edge companies such as Alcatel, Siemens, Lucent, France Telecom, BT, Telefonica etc.

Dr. Alexandros Stavdas currently fills the position of Associate Professor in the department of Telecommunications Science and Technology at the University of Peloponnese, Tripolis, Greece. Dr. Stavdas holds a B.Sc. in Physics (University of Athens), a M.Sc. in Optoelectronics and Laser Devices (Heriot-Watt University/St-Andrews University), a Ph.D. (University College of London) in the field of wavelength routed WDM networks.
He is also heading the Optical Networking Group of NTUA. He is the author or co-author of over 50 journal publications and conference articles. He also served as Technical Program Committee Chairman and Member in a large number of conferences. Current interests include physical layer modeling of optical networks, ultra-high capacity end-to-end optical networks, OXC architectures, Optical Packet/Burst Switching and WDM access networks.

Preface	p. ix
The Emerging Core and Metropolitan Networks	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Chapter's Scope and Objectives	p. 1
General Characteristics of Transport Networks	p. 1
Circuit- and Packet-Based Network Paradigms	p. 2
Network Layering	p. 3
Data Plane, Control Plane, Management Plane	p. 4
Users' Applications and Network Services	p. 4
Resilience	p. 5
Quality of Service	p. 7
Traffic Engineering	p. 8
Virtual Private Networks	p. 10
Packet Transport Technologies	p. 11
Future Networks Challenges	p. 12
Network Evolution Drivers	p. 12
Characteristics of Applications and Related Traffic	p. 12
Network Architectural Requirements	p. 17
Data Plane, Control Plane, and Management Plane Requirements	p. 24
New Transport Networks Architectures	p. 31
Metropolitan Area Network	p. 33
Core Network	p. 36
Metro and Core Network (Ultra-long-term Scenario)	p. 38
Transport Networks Economics	p. 39
Capital Expenditure Models	p. 39
Operational Expenditure Models	p. 42
New Business Opportunities	p. 44
Acronyms	p. 52
References	p. 54
The Advances in Control and Management for Transport Networks	p. 55
Drivers Towards More Uniform Management and Control Networks	p. 55
Control Plane as Main Enabler to Autonomic Network Integration	p. 58
Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching	p. 59
Evolution in Integrated Architectures	p. 71
Multilayer Interactions and Network Models	p. 74
Introduction	p. 74
Vertical Integration and Models	p. 78
Horizontal Integration and Models	p. 79
Conclusions on UNI Definitions from ITU-T, OIF, IETF, and OIF UNI: GMPLS UNI Interoperability Issues	p. 104
Evolution of Connection Services and Special Cases of Optical Networks	p. 105
Evolution in Network Services	p. 105
Virtual Private Networks	p. 106
Layer 1 VPN	p. 109
Layer 2 VPN	p. 118
Layer 3 VPN	p. 122
Conclusion	p. 123
References	p. 124
Elements from Telecommunications Engineering	p. 127
Digital Optical Communication Systems	p. 127
Description of Signals in the Time and Frequency Domains	p. 127
Digital Signal Formats	p. 132
Performance Estimation	p. 135
Introduction	p. 136
Modeling	p. 141
Comparison of Techniques	p. 146
Standard Experimental Measurement Procedures	p. 149
References	p. 158
Enabling Technologies	p. 161
Introduction	p. 161
Transmitters	p. 161
Introduction	p. 161
Overview of Light Sources for Optical Communications	p. 167
Transmitters for High Data-Rate Wavelength-Division Multiplexing Systems	p. 178
Receiver	p. 202
Overview of Common Receiver Components	p. 202
The Optical Fiber	p. 212
Short Introduction to the Waveguide Principle	p. 213
Description of Optical Single-Mode Fibers	p. 216
Special Fiber Types	p. 222
Optical Amplifiers	p. 223
Introduction to Optical Amplifiers	p. 225
Principle of Operation	p. 229
Gain Saturation	p. 231
Noise	p. 234
Gain Dynamics	p. 235
Optical Fiber and Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers	p. 236
Raman Amplifiers	p. 239
Lasers and Amplifiers	p. 243
Optical Filters and Multiplexers	p. 245
Introduction	p. 245
Optical (De-)Multiplexing Devices	p. 246
Overall Assessment of (De-)Multiplexing Techniques	p. 256
Optical Filters	p. 257
Tunable Filters	p. 260
References	p. 263
Assessing Physical Layer Degradations	p. 267
Introduction and Scope	p. 267
Optical Power Budgets, Part I	p. 268
Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Q Factor	p. 268
Noise	p. 273
Performance Parameters. Light Path Evaluation Rules	p. 290
Transmission Impairments and Enhancements: Simple Power Budgets	p. 295
System Bandwidth	p. 334
System Bandwidth, Signal Distortion, Intersymbol Interference	p. 334
Fiber-Optical Nonlinear Effects	p. 346
Optical Transients	p. 356
Comments on Budgets for Nonlinear Effects and Optical Transients	p. 362
Compensators/Equalizers	p. 363
CD Equalization	p. 363
PMD Equalization	p. 364
Simultaneous Presence of Distortions, Electronic Equalization, and Cumulative Filtering	p. 364
General Features of Different Modulation Formats	p. 368
Semianalytical Models for Penalties	p. 370
Translucent or Hybrid Networks	p. 370
Design Rules for Hybrid Networks	p. 371
Appendix	p. 372
Dispersion Managed Links	p. 372
Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects	p. 374
References	p. 378
Combating Physical Layer Degradations	p. 381
Introduction	p. 381
Dispersion-Compensating Components and Methods for CD and PMD	p. 382
Introduction on Optical CD and PMD Compensator Technology	p. 382
Optical Compensation Schemes	p. 383
Key Parameters of Optical Compensators	p. 387
Compensators Suitable for Translucent Networks	p. 389
Impact of Group-Delay Ripple in Fiber Gratings	p. 391
Modulation Formats	p. 396
On-Off Keying Modulation Formats	p. 397
Comparison of Basic OOK Modulation Formats: NRZ, RZ, and CSRZ for 40 Gbit/s Transmission	p. 400
A Power-Tolerant Modulation Format: APRZ-OOK	p. 408
DPSK Modulation Formats	p. 412
Spectrally Efficient Modulation Formats	p. 414
Electronic Equalization of Optical Transmission Impairments	p. 416
Electronic Equalization Concepts	p. 416
Static Performance Characterization	p. 420
Dynamic Adaptation of FFE- and DFE-Structures	p. 420
General Remarks	p. 423
FEC in Lightwave Systems	p. 424
Application of FEC in Lightwave Systems	p. 424
Standards for FEC in Lightwave Systems	p. 425
FEC Performance Characterization	p. 426
FEC Application in System Design	p. 429
Appendix: Experimental Configuration and Measurement Procedure for Evaluation and Comparison for Different Modulation Formats for 40 Gbit/s Transmission	p. 431
Simulation Setup	p. 434
Acknowledgments	p. 435
References	p. 435
Dictionary of Optical Networking	p. 441
Acronyms	p. 465
Index	p. 477
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Core and Metro Networks

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