Corrections A Comprehensive View

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ISBN: 9780314045751 | 0314045759
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/1/1996

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Lively and comprehensive, this book presents a history of prisons, the history of corrections programs, and theories of punishment and corrections. It includes sections on prisoner rights, probation, juvenile corrections, and international corrections systems, Real-life examples and Close-Up features illuminate events or places.

Part One: Corrections and Criminal Justice

(44)

The Correctional Process

(17)

Corrections Faces Many Problems

(3)

Corrections is Responsible for the Accused and the Convicted

(1)

Much of Corrections Is Hidden from Public View

(1)

Correctional Facilities Receive Attention Only When Problems Arise

(1)

Public Fears Influence Policy

(1)

Close Up: The Pitfalls of Early Release

(1)

Public Fears Influence Policy

(1)

Many of Today's Problems in Corrections Have a Long History

(1)

The Criminal Justice Process Is Complicated

(2)

Organization of Corrections in the United States

(1)

Criminal Justice Has Four Major Components

(1)

Each Criminal Justice Sub-System Has Some Correctional Role

(6)

The Police Play Various Roles in Corrections

(1)

Police Agencies Usually Operate Jails and Detention Facilities

(1)

Police Operate Some Correctional Programs

(1)

Police Perform a ``Gatekeeper'' Function

(1)

Police Provide Information on Offenders to Correctional Personnel

(1)

Prosecutors Play Several Roles in Corrections

(1)

Prosecutorial Discretion Can Limit the Number and Types of Offenders Entering the System

(1)

Prosecutors Serve as Correctional Agents

(1)

The Courts Play Several Roles in Corrections

(1)

Sentencing Is a Key Court Correctional Function

(1)

Judges Serve as Monitors of Conditions in the Correctional System

(1)

The Courts Also Operate Correctional Programs

(1)

Different Views Regarding the Objectives of Corrections

(2)

The Rehabilitative Model Focuses on Treating the Offender

(1)

The Justice Model Stresses That Offenders Should Be Punished But in a just and Humane Way

(1)

The Utilitarian Model Emphasizes Punishment as a Crime Deterrent

(1)

Effectiveness of Models Should Determine Which of Them Are Implemented

(1)

The Text Views Contemporary Corrections from a Historical Perspective

(1)

Chapter Recap

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

(2)

Sentencing: The Imposition of Correctional Sanctions

(26)

Justifications for Punishment of Offenders

(3)

Retribution: The Infliction of Deserved Punishment and Its Painful Consequences on the Criminal

(1)

Deterrence: Pain or Other Consequences Will Inhibit Criminal Behavior

(1)

The Deterrent Value of Punishment Is Inconclusive

(1)

Speed, Severity, and Certainty of Punishment Affect Deterrence

(1)

Incapacitation: The Prevention of Future Crime

(1)

Three Types of Incapacitation Strategies Have Been Proposed

(1)

An Alternative to Incapacitation Is More Severe Sentences for Violent Offenders

(1)

A Continuing Purpose of Incarceration Has Been to Reform or Rehabilitate the Offender

(1)

Reintegration Is Maintaining or Integrating Offenders into the Community

(1)

Types of Dispositions

(11)

Monetary Sanctions: Getting Hit in the Wallet

(1)

Day Fines Are Imposed on the Basis of the Gravity of the Offense and Offender Income

(1)

Restitution Requires That the Offender Make Amends to the Victim or the Community

(1)

Community Programs Can Be Residential or Non-residential

(1)

Probation Is Serving A Sentence under Supervision in the Community

(1)

Residential Community Programs Provide the Most Intense Supervision Short of Prison

(1)

Incarceration is Confinement of an Offender in a Prison or Jail

(1)

Capital Punishment Is the Ultimate Sanction

(3)

The Death Penalty Has Supporters and Detractors

(4)

Close Up: Indigents Don't Usually Get The ``Dream Team'' in Capital Cases

(1)

Life without Parole Represents an Alternative to Execution

(1)

Sentencing Strategies

(8)

Indeterminate Sentences Have Been Tied to Rehabilitation

(1)

A Determinate Sentence Represents a Fixed Term

(1)

Mandatory Sentences are Blamed for Prison Crowding

(1)

Some Judges Impose Creative Sentences

(1)

Sentencing Reform Focuses on Proportionality, Equity, and Social Debt

(1)

Close Up: Three Strikes and You're Out

(1)

Close Up: Judges Who Create Sentences

(1)

Sentencing Guidelines Are Designed to Create Uniformity

(2)

Close Up: ACA President Speaks Out on Sentencing

(1)

Sentencing Review Procedures Are Designed to Reduce Disparities

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Chapter Recap

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

(3)

Part Two: Historical Perspective

(94)

The Evolution of Punishment

(26)

Punishment of Early Criminal Behavior

(10)

Early Societies Had Two Classes of Crimes

(1)

Public Wrongs Were Equated with Sin

(1)

Private Wrongs Initially Required Individual Retaliation But Later Some Responsibility Shifted to the Group

(1)

Compensation Provided a Bridge between Private Vengeance and the State

(1)

Crimes Become Acts of Revolt against the King

(1)

Historically, Offenders Were Punished in Various Ways

(1)

Magic and Curses Were Used as Punishments

(1)

Some Punishments Were Designed to Humiliate the Offender

(1)

Gags Were Used to Both Shame and Constrain Verbal Abuse

(1)

The Stocks and Pillories Served to Confine and Display Offenders

(1)

Consider This: Should the Stocks be Resurrected?

(1)

Branding Marked a Person as an Offender

(1)

Corporal Punishments Inflicted Pain on the Offender

(1)

Whipping Has a Long and Extensive History

(2)

The Ducking Stool Was Generally Used for Scolds and Gossips

(1)

Capital Punishment Rids the Community of the Offender

(1)

Capital Punishment Has a Long History

(1)

The Methods of Execution Were Limited Only by the Imagination

(1)

Mutilation and Dismemberment Were Employed for Retribution, Deterrence, and Incapacitation

(1)

Banishment Was a Means of Exiling or Enslaving Undesirables

(2)

Outlawry: Robin Hood, Fact or Fiction?

(1)

Enslavement of Criminals Amounted to Banishment

(1)

Maritime Nations Subjected Offenders to Penal Slavery at the Oars

(1)

Some Convicts Were Housed in Facilities Called Bagnes

(1)

The French Bagnes Were Forerunners of Industrial-Type Prisons

(1)

Transportation Was an Intermediate Punishment

(6)

The English System of Transportation

(1)

Increased Crime Produced by Social and Economic Conditions Caused a Public Outcry for Solutions

(1)

The Indenture System: White Servitude in Colonial America

(2)

The Revolution Caused a Crisis in England's Punishment System

(1)

Confinement at Hard Labor Was Substituted for Transportation: Floating Prisons Emerged as a Temporary Expedient

(1)

England Searches for Alternatives to the Prison Hulks

(1)

Transportation to Australia: The Search for a New Dumping Ground

(1)

Close Up: Lemain: The Historical Antecedant of ``Escape from New York''

(2)

The French Transportation System Was More Harsh Than the English System

(1)

The Russian Transportation System Was Considered the Most Brutal

(1)

People Continue to Advocate the Use of Transportation

(1)

Forerunners of Long-Term Imprisonment

(5)

Close Up: Indian Youths Banished as Punishment for Their Crimes

(1)

The Roots of Imprisonment Can Be Traced to Monasteries and Asylums

(1)

Workhouses and Houses of Correction Were Early Forms of Imprisonment

(1)

Bridewells Were the First Institutions to Attempt Reform

(1)

European Countries Established Workhouses with Many Modeled after One in Amsterdam

(1)

Close Up: The World of Early Workhouses Had Many Facets

(1)

The Hospice of San Michele Was an Early Juvenile Reformatory

(1)

The Maison de Force Had Many Innovative Features

(1)

Chapter Recap

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

(1)

The Development of Prisons in the United States

(20)

Methods of Punishment during the Colonial Period

(1)

The Search for New Methods of Social Control after the Revolution

(1)

Penitentiaries Were Developed as Places to Reform Criminals

(1)

The Pennsylvania and Auburn Systems

(7)

The Pennsylvania Reformers Experimented with Several Different Systems

(1)

The Walnut Street Jail Was the Birthplace of the U.S. Prison System

(1)

Eastern Penitentiary Had a Program of Solitary Confinement, Work, and Penitence

(1)

The System Devised at Auburn Became the Model for U.S. Prisons

(1)

Close Up: Two Views on the Success of the Pennsylvania Model

(1)

Auburn Experimented with Three Alternatives

(1)

The Auburn Plan of Congregate Work, Silence, and Separate-Cell Confinement Was Adopted as an Acceptable Confinement Method

(1)

The Auburn-Pennsylvania Controversy Involved a Debate over Which System Was Superior

(1)

The Pennsylvania Model Was Only Used by a Few U.S. Jurisdictions

(1)

The Auburn Model Prevailed for Economic Reasons

(1)

Auburn-Type Prisons Were Built in Many Jurisdictions

(1)

Many States Built Auburn-Type Prisons But Failed to Adhere to Its Rigid Standards

(1)

The Auburn Approach Followed a Quasimilitary Model

(1)

Antecedents of the Reformatory Movement

(6)

Close Up: The Real Versus Ideal Pennsylvania System

(2)

Alexander Maconochie's Mark System

(1)

The Major Objective of Prison Should Be Reform

(1)

The Mark System Enabled Inmates to Work Their Way Out of Prison

(1)

The Mark System Was First Applied at Norfolk Island Prison

(1)

Punitive Public Views Resulted in Maconochie's Recall

(1)

The System Was Also Implemented at Birmingham Borough Prison

(1)

Sir Walter Crofton's Irish System Also Influenced the Reformatory

(1)

The Irish System Involved Increasing Privileges and Phased Release

(1)

The Irish System Reduced Recidivism

(1)

The Reformatory System

(3)

At the National Congress on Penitentiary and Reformatory Discipline, Prominent Reformers Proposed a New System

(1)

Elmira Was the First Reformatory

(1)

Inmates Could Progress through a ``Grade'' System, Which Resulted in Early Release

(1)

Elmira Had a Number of Innovative Programs

(1)

Elmira Had the First Parole System in the United States

(1)

Warden Brockway Used Regressive Methods of Discipline

(1)

Reformatory Goals Were Never Achieved

(1)

Chapter Recap

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

(1)

Southern Penal Systems

(24)

The Pre-Civil War South

(1)

Black Codes Were Designed to Control Slaves

(1)

Some Southern States Adopted Auburn-Type Prisons

(1)

Characteristics of the Prison Population

(1)

States Resorted to the Lease System for Economic Reasons

(1)

The Post-Civil War Period

(6)

The Lease System Solved Various Problems

(1)

The Convict Lease System Turned Offenders into Penal Slaves

(1)

Close Up: The American Siberia: Life under the Florida Lease System

(1)

Chain Gangs Were Used by Some Jurisdictions to Manage Prisoners

(2)

Close Up: Life on the Chain Gang: Even Circus Animals Lived Better

(1)

Prison Farms and Plantation Prisons

100

(14)

In Mississippi, the Parchman Penal Farm Became the Main Prison

100

(1)

Farm Organization Followed a Plantation Model

100

(1)

The Prison Farm Complex Evolved Over Time and Was Founded on the Twin Goals of Profit and Reformation

101

(2)

The Courts Step in to Propel the System into the Twentieth Century

103

(1)

Arkansas Was Considered the Worst of the Southern Systems

103

(1)

Conditions When Murton Assumed Control Were Horrendous

103

(2)

Close Up: Corporal Punishment Arkansas Style

105

(1)

Murton Tried to Bring the System Nearer to Contemporary Standards

105

(1)

The Totality of Conditions at the Prisons Were Found Constitutionally Unacceptable

106

(1)

Close Up: The Arkansas Prison System in the 1990s

107

(1)

The Texas System Was the Last Major System to Change

107

(1)

The Lessee Period: Inmates Were Assigned to Contractors

107

(1)

The Contract-Lease Period: The State Controlled Inmates and Their Labor Was Contracted to Businesses

108

(1)

The Plantation Farm Period: The State Assumed Total Control of Inmates

108

(1)

The Period of Reform and Stability: TDC Goes from the Worst to the Best System

109

(1)

While Work Continued to Be Stressed, Improvements Were Made in Programming

109

(1)

Close Up: Texas Inmates Learn Marketable Skills

110

(1)

Control and Stability Were Achieved through an Authoritarian System

110

(1)

Inmate-Guards Played an Important Role in the Control System

111

(1)

Control of the BTs Was Lost during a Major Population Increase

112

(1)

The Era of Ruiz v. Estelle Converted Texas into a Modern System

112

(1)

Work Camps and Prison Farms Can be Valuable Components of a Corrections System

113

(1)

Chapter Recap

114

(1)

Review Questions

115

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

115

(1)

The Big House

116

(23)

Big House Prisons Were Harsh and Idle Places

117

(2)

The Big House Era Saw the Demise of the Industrial Prison

117

(2)

The Social World of Inmates

119

(11)

The Big House Population Contained Those Who Were Unsuccessful in Both Their Legal and Illegal Pursuits

119

(1)

The Inmate Subculture Was Influenced by Internal and External Factors

120

(1)

Thief Values Influenced the Convict Code

120

(1)

As Total Institutions, Prisons Limit Freedom and Inflict Deprivations

120

(1)

Life Activities in Prisons Are Not Separated

121

(1)

Inmates Are Deprived of Their Autonomy

121

(1)

Inmates Are Deprived of Privacy

121

(1)

Inmates Are Deprived of Security

121

(1)

Prisons Restrict Contact with the Outside World

122

(1)

Inmates Are Deprived of Many Goods and Services

122

(1)

Inmates Are Deprived of the Opportunity for Meaningful Work

122

(1)

Inmates Are Deprived of Heterosexual Relationships

123

(1)

Inmates Are Relegated to a Subservient Status

123

(1)

Prisonization Is the Socialization of Inmates

124

(1)

Adjustments to Changes in Status Begin at Admission

125

(1)

Ability to Adapt to Prison Varies

125

(1)

The Inmate Status System in the Big House Had Four Levels

125

(1)

Close Up: The Admission Process

126

(1)

The Upper Class Was the Elite

127

(1)

Merchants, Politicians, and Gamblers were Major Figures in the Upper Middle Class

127

(1)

Most Inmates Were in the Middle Class

127

(1)

The Lower Classes Included a Variety of Inmates

127

(1)

Three Common Adaptations to Prison Life

128

(1)

``Doing Time'' Involved Avoiding Trouble and Getting Out Fast

128

(1)

Jailing Involved Becoming Immersed in the Prison World

128

(1)

Gleaners Focused on Self-Improvement

128

(1)

Coping with Prison Deprivation Often Required Improvisation

128

(1)

Food, Drink, and Weapons Made Prison Life Easier

129

(1)

Inmates Developed Adaptations to Their Single-Sex World

129

(1)

Some Inmates Managed to Have Heterosexual Relations

129

(1)

Prison Stupor Was a Form of Psychological Escape

130

(1)

Inmates Suffering from Prison Stupor Were Out of Touch with Reality

130

(1)

Big House Prison Guards

130

(3)

Close Up: The Hole

132

(1)

Guards Used Several Methods of Discipline to Control Inmates

132

(1)

Guards Developed Several Informal Methods of Controlling Inmates

132

(1)

Conditions That Precipitated Disturbances and Riots

133

(1)

Close Up: Prison Riots during the Big House Era

134

(1)

Conflicts Faced by Prison Administrators Regarding the Treatment of Inmates

134

(2)

Pressures Toward Harsh Treatment Came from External and Internal Sources

134

(1)

Pressures Toward Human Practices Came from Reformers

135

(1)

Prison Specialization and Classification Paved the Way for the Development of Treatment Programs

135

(1)

This Era Saw Changes in the Treatment of Inmates

136

(1)

Chapter Recap

136

(1)

Review Questions

137

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

137

(2)

Part Three: Modern Prisons

139

(84)

The Rise and Fall of the Rehabilitative Institution

140

(17)

Social Changes Shaped Rehabilitative Institution

141

(1)

Slum Conditions Restricted Social Mobility

141

(1)

Limited Social Mobility in Urban Slums Had an Impact on the Prison System

142

(1)

The Manner of Dealing with Problems Began to Change

142

(1)

Correctionalists Sought to Change Prisons to Rehabilitation Facilities

142

(1)

Prison Focus Changed from Punishment to Rehabilitation

142

(1)

Several Factors Gave Rise to the Shift to Rehabilitation

142

(1)

Some Changes Were Substantive But Others Were Only Cosmetic

143

(1)

Three Components Characterized the Rehabilitative Institution

143

(7)

Indeterminate Sentencing Made Release Contingent Upon Rehabilitation

143

(1)

Indeterminate Sentences Gave Rise to Several Problems

144

(1)

Classification Was Intended to Diagnose the Causes of an Inmate's Criminal Behavior

145

(1)

The Classification Process Had Several Shortcomings

145

(1)

The Correctional Treatment Program Was to Encompass All Aspects of the Institutional Milieu

145

(1)

Therapeutic Programs Were to Be the Primary Agent for Behavioral and Attitudinal Change

145

(2)

Close Up: An Inmate's Perspective on Group Counseling

147

(1)

Correctional Institutions Had Better Academic and Vocational Programs

147

(1)

Close Up: Synanon at the Nevada State Prison

148

(1)

Different Objectives for Treatment and Custody Staff Caused Conflict

148

(2)

California Made the Best Effort to Develop Rehabilitative Institutions

150

(4)

Soledad Was an Exemplary Rehabilitative Institution

150

(1)

The Physical Plant Made It Different Than Other Prisons

150

(1)

The Routine and Programs Were Designed to Be Conducive to Rehabilitation

151

(1)

The Population Included More Nonwhites

151

(1)

The Social Structure Was Complex

152

(1)

Several Factors Contributed to a Prison Atmosphere That Was Calm and Orderly

153

(1)

Close Up: Patuxent: A Failed Treatment Experiment

154

(1)

The Failure of Rehabilitative Institutions

154

(1)

The Paradox: Better Education Produced System Critics

155

(1)

Chapter Recap

155

(1)

Review Questions

156

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

156

(1)

Ethnic/Racial Division and the Prisoner Movement

157

(19)

The Impact of the Three Social Changes on Prisons

158

(1)

The Authority Revolution Eroded Respect for Authority

158

(1)

The Civil Rights Movement Changed the Relationships between Racial/Ethnic Groups

158

(1)

Protests against Inequities Turned Violent

158

(1)

The Vietnam War Engendered Protest by Significant Segments of the Population

159

(1)

The Ongoing Social Movements Had a Profound Effect on the Prisons

159

(1)

Factors That Caused the Demise of the Traditional Prison Stratification System

159

(4)

A New Self-Image Led Blacks to Develop Racial Pride

159

(1)

The Black Muslim Movement Attracted Many Black Inmates

159

(1)

Initially Muslims Were Viewed as a Threat to Prison Order But Eventually They Became a Stabilizing Force

160

(1)

Race Relations within Prisons Changed

161

(1)

Black Inmates Viewed Both White Inmates and Correctional Officers as a Threat

161

(1)

There Was Some Racial Integration in Prison But Little Interaction

161

(1)

Interracial Tension Increased Prison Violence

161

(1)

State-Raised Youth Cliques Achieved Prominence

161

(1)

Mexican-Americans Also Developed Cliques

162

(1)

The Prisoner Movement: The Politicization of Inmates

163

(2)

The New Left's Focus on Prisons and a New Breed of Inmate Were Primary Factors in the Development of the Prisoner Movement

163

(1)

Inmate Groups Critically Examined Their Circumstances

163

(1)

Black Inmates Moved in a More Radical Direction

163

(1)

Puerto Rican Inmates Embraced the Objectives of the Civil Rights Movement

163

(1)

Chicano Inmates Developed a Sense of Racial Pride

164

(1)

A New Breed of White Inmates Entered the Prisons

164

(1)

Inmates Redefined Their Status to That of Political Prisoners

164

(1)

Some Inmates Adopted a More Radical Position

164

(1)

Prisoner Movement Organizations

165

(3)

Self-Help Groups Focused on Individual Improvement

165

(1)

Prisoner Rights Groups Focused on Improving the Offenders' Constitutional Rights and Social Position

166

(1)

Radical Groups Advocated Changing Society

166

(1)

The Black Panthers Attracted Black Inmates

166

(1)

The Young Lords Were Similar to the Black Panthers

166

(1)

Close Up: The Legacy of the Black Panthers: Fugitive Surfaces Thirteen Years Later

167

(1)

The National Lawyers Guild Provided Legal Assistance as a Means of Furthering the Revolution

167

(1)

Radical Groups Only Had a Few True Inmate Members

168

(1)

Prisoner Movement Activities

168

(6)

Inmate Strikes Were Organized to Focus Public Attention on Prison Conditions

168

(1)

The Attica Revolt: A Riot and a Political Demonstration

169

(1)

A Chaotic Rampage Became an Organized Demonstration

169

(2)

The Retaking of the Prison Was Like a Turkey Shoot

171

(1)

The State Covered Up the Use of Excessive Force and Infliction of Unnecessary Injury

171

(1)

Increasing Defiance and Violence Led to a Crisis in Control

172

(1)

Close Up: Attica Update and Its Legacy

173

(1)

Activities That Occurred Outside the Prison

174

(1)

Chapter Recap

174

(1)

Review Questions

175

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

175

(1)

The Environment of Prisons in the Last Quarter of the Twentieth Century

176

(23)

Factors That Changed the Character of Contemporary Prisons

177

(4)

Overcrowding Became a Chronic Problem

177

(1)

The Causes of Prison Crowding Were Rooted in Social Changes

177

(1)

Crowding Had Several Consequences

178

(1)

A Major Proportion of Prison Population Growth Consisted of Minorities

179

(1)

Several Factors Led to Increases in the Proportion of African-American Inmates

179

(1)

Staff Reactions to the Prisoner Movement Affected Contemporary Prisons

180

(1)

The Prisoner Movement Increased Court Oversight of Prisons

180

(1)

Not All Groups That Were Abolished Threatened Prison Security

180

(1)

The Social Environment of the Prison

181

(10)

Ethnic/Racial Relations Changed in Modern Prisons

181

(1)

Black Inmates Appear to Dominate Whites in Many Prisons

181

(1)

Other Factors Contributed to Racial Tensions

182

(1)

One Effect of Racial Tension Has Been Informal Segregation

182

(1)

Effects of Inmates' Ethnic Backgrounds on Prison Adaptation

182

(1)

Prisons Have Many Prosocial Organizations

183

(1)

Prisoner Organizations: An Important Determinant of Social Structure in Contemporary Prisons

184

(2)

Prisoner Organizations Can Be a Positive Force in the Prison

186

(1)

Close Up: A Jaycee Executive Director Looks at Prison Jaycees

187

(1)

The Social World of the Inmate Has Changed

187

(1)

The Convict Code Has Been Transformed

187

(1)

Close Up: The Unlimited Gavel Club: Inmates Learn Oratorical Skills

188

(1)

The Prison's Social Organization Has a New Tough Inmate Role

188

(1)

Close Up: Twenty Years of Scared Straight

189

(1)

Independents Try to Avoid Entanglements

190

(1)

Withdrawal Is a Way of Avoiding Tension and Violence

191

(1)

The Prison Economy Includes Legal and Illegal Aspects

191

(4)

The Legal Economic System Does Not Meet All Inmate Needs

191

(1)

The Illegal Economy Attempts to Fill the Void

192

(1)

Contraband Fuels the Illegal Economy

193

(2)

Satisfaction of Inmates' Sexual Needs

195

(2)

Various Inmate Sexual Roles

195

(2)

Chapter Recap

197

(1)

Review Questions

197

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

197

(2)

Security Threat Groups and Inmate Gangs

199

(24)

Inmate Gangs Became a Problem in the 1970s and 1980s

200

(1)

Conditions That Permit Gangs to Operate in Prisons

200

(1)

Different Terms Have Been Used to Describe Inmate Groups

200

(1)

The NIC Has Developed Criteria to Identify Disruptive Groups

201

(1)

Organization and Development of STGs and Inmate Gangs

201

(1)

The Proportion of Gang Members is Increasing

202

(1)

Prison Gangs Have Developed According to Five General Patterns

202

(10)

The Development of the Mexican Mafia Reflects a Homeboy Pattern

202

(1)

Conflict between Groups and the Need for Self-Protection Can Spawn Gangs

202

(2)

Outside Gang Members in Illinois Prisons Formed Gangs on the Inside

204

(1)

Prison Gang Members Entering New Institutions Formed Gang Chapters

204

(1)

Copy Cat Groups Emerged in Some Prisons

205

(1)

The Level of Organization of Prison Gangs Varies

205

(1)

Membership Is Based on One or More Factors

206

(1)

Gang Structure Can Follow Various Patterns

206

(1)

Gang Members Can Fall Into One of Several Categories

206

(1)

Gang Codes of Conduct Help to Control Member Behavior

206

(2)

The Recruitment Process Varies from Gang to Gang

208

(1)

Gang Initiations May Require Violence

208

(1)

Group Operations Are Defined by Symbols, Power, Activities, and Communication

208

(1)

Gang Membership Entails a Lifetime Commitment

208

(1)

Gang Identification Includes a Variety of Symbols

209

(1)

Gangs Have Methods for Perpetuating Their Existence and Power

209

(1)

Gang Membership Has Several Benefits

210

(1)

Close Up: How Gangs Use Mail to Communicate

211

(1)

Some Gangs Have Street Affiliates, With a Few Meeting the Criteria for Organized Crime Groups

212

(1)

Prison Gangs Cause a Number of Problems

212

(1)

Problems Occur as a Result of Gangs' ``Business'' Activities

213

(1)

Prison Administrators May Be Ambivalent about Recognizing the Existence of Gangs

213

(1)

Inmate-to-Inmate Problems Are Also Created by Gangs

213

(1)

Control of Prison Gangs Is Achieved in Various Ways

213

(7)

Two Views Characterize How Gangs Are Dealt with by the Prison Administration

214

(1)

One Basis for Gang Policy Is Membership

214

(1)

Another Basis for Gang Policy Is Behavior

214

(1)

The Reaction to Gangs and STGs Often Follows Three Stages

215

(1)

Several Factors Dictate Strategies for Controlling Gangs

215

(1)

The First Priority Is to Establish a Policy and Strategy

215

(1)

Good Intelligence Provides Necessary Information

216

(1)

Jurisdictions Following an STG Specific Management Approach Restrict the Activities of STG Members

217

(1)

Programs and Activities Can Reduce Time Devoted to Gang Activities

218

(1)

Changes in Housing Arrangements Can Also Help

219

(1)

Close Supervision and Staffing of Housing Units Is Essential

219

(1)

Alternatives for Nongang Members

220

(1)

Chapter Recap

220

(1)

Review Questions

221

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

221

(2)

Part Four: Correctional Clientele

223

(46)

Male and Special Category Offenders

224

(23)

U.S. Prison Population Differs from the General U.S. Population

225

(5)

The Prison Population Is Not Representative of the General Population

225

(1)

The Proportions of Female, Older, Hispanic, and Unmarried Inmates Have Been Increasing

225

(1)

Inmates Are Disproportionately Young, Male, and from Minority Groups

226

(1)

Most Persons Arrested for Criminal Behavior Are Male

227

(1)

Younger People More Often Commit Crimes

227

(1)

Minority Groups Are Disproportionately Incarcerated

228

(1)

Inmates Often Have Histories of Family Disorganization and Are at the Lower End of the Economic Scale

229

(1)

Many Inmates Have Committed Violent Crimes

229

(1)

Extensive Prior Arrest Histories Increase the Likelihood of Future Recidivism

230

(1)

Special Category Offenders

230

(14)

Inmates with Psychological or Behavioral Disorders Can Be Management Problems

230

(1)

Public Policy Regarding the Mentally Disordered Has Changed over the Years

230

(1)

Some Inmates Suffer from a Variety of Serious Mental Disorders

231

(1)

Prisons Have Some Mentally Handicapped Inmates Who Require Special Programming

231

(1)

There Are Different Levels of Retardation

231

(1)

Mentally Retarded Individuals Tend to Be Overrepresented in the Prison Population

232

(1)

Prisons Have Typically Failed to Consider the Needs of Retarded Inmates

232

(1)

Sex Offenders Are Problems for Community and Corrections

232

(1)

Some States Have Passed Laws Targeting Sex Offenders after Their Release from Prison

232

(1)

Close Up: A Retarded Inmate's Dilemma

233

(1)

There Are a Substantial Number of Sex Offenders in U.S. Prisons

234

(1)

Various Approaches Are Available for Treating Sex Offenders

234

(1)

Inmates Treat Child Molesters Differently Than Rapists

235

(1)

Mature Inmates Differ from Their Younger Counterparts

235

(1)

Close Up: The Vermont Treatment Program for Sexual Aggressors

236

(1)

Older Inmates Often Have More Physical Problems Than Outsiders of Comparable Age

237

(1)

Offense Patterns of Mature Offenders Differ from Those of Younger Inmates

237

(1)

There Are Three Types of Older Offenders

237

(1)

A Major Question Is Whether to Segregate Mature Inmates or Place Them in the General Prison Population

238

(1)

The Youthful Offender Has Been Treated Differently Than Other Inmates

239

(2)

Physically or Medically Handicapped Offenders Require More Resources Than Other Inmates

241

(1)

The Number of Long-Term Offenders in Prisons Is Increasing

241

(1)

LTOs Are Different from Other Inmates

242

(1)

LTOs Face Different Problems Than Other Inmates

242

(1)

Most LTOs Go Through Phases of Adjustment to Prison Life

243

(1)

Special Services Are Required for LTOs

243

(1)

LTOs Can Benefit from Program Planning That Considers Their Extended Prison Terms

244

(1)

Understanding the Diversity of the Male Inmate Population

244

(1)

Chapter Recap

245

(1)

Review Questions

245

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

246

(1)

The Female Offender

247

(22)

Female Offenders and the Criminal Justice System

248

(1)

Current Female Criminality Is Low But Increasing Faster Than for Men

248

(1)

Different Factors Affect the Sentencing of Women and Men

248

(1)

Women and the Correctional System

249

(17)

Historical Overview Shows a Familiar Pattern

249

(1)

Women Took the Lead in Reforming Programs for Incarcerated Females

250

(1)

Reforms Created Separate Prisons for Women

251

(1)

The Reformatory Movement Brought Changes for Female Corrections

251

(1)

Parole Was First Applied to Women

251

(1)

The Cottage Plan Was Used in the Construction of Women's Prisons

251

(1)

Legal Challenges by Inmates Have Improved Female Prisons

252

(1)

Female Inmates in Jails and Prisons Differ from Their Male Counterparts

252

(1)

Most Women Are Now Being Incarcerated for Drug and Violent Crimes

253

(1)

Female Inmates Have More Serious Drug Use Histories Than Males

254

(1)

Contemporary Prisons for Women Provide Better Conditions Than in the Past

254

(1)

Tighter Security Is Becoming a Concern for Modern Women's Prisons

254

(1)

Females Adapt to Imprisonment in Different Ways

255

(1)

Involvement in Pseudofamilies Represents One Form of Adaptation

255

(1)

Three Adaptive Roles Are Imported from Outside the Prison

255

(1)

Contemporary Pseudofamilies Are Becoming More Gang-Like

256

(1)

The Nature and Amount of Homosexual Activity is Uncertain

256

(1)

Services and Programs at Women's Prisons Often Lack Parity with Male Facilities

256

(1)

Most Women's Prisons Offer Education Programs

256

(1)

Vocational Training Programs Still Offer Mainly ``Women's Work''

257

(1)

Inmate Work Programs Serve Various Purposes

258

(1)

Recreational Activities Are Often Passive and Nonphysical

258

(1)

Medical Services Are Generally Inadequate

258

(1)

Pregnancy Represents a Dilemma for Both Incarcerated Women and the Corrections System

259

(1)

Most Inmate Mothers Are Separated from Their Newborn Babies

259

(1)

Close Up: Pregnant in Prison: An Inmate's Experience

260

(1)

Visitation Enables Women to Maintain Ties with Children and Other Family Members

260

(1)

Parent/Child Programs Are Designed to Foster Mother/Child Relations

261

(1)

Transition from Prison to Society Can Be Difficult for Inmate Mothers

262

(1)

Co-Correctional Institutions House Men and Women in the Same Prison

262

(1)

Programs Are Shared, But Sleeping Arrangements Are Separate

262

(1)

These Programs Have Advantages and Disadvantages for Both Sexes

262

(1)

Community Correctional Programs for Both Sexes Are Similar

263

(1)

Community Programs Serve Pre-Prison and Post-Prison Functions and Can Be Residential or Nonresidential

263

(1)

Post-Prison Release Programs Focus on Relapse Prevention

264

(1)

Future Correctional Programming for Women Should Consider Their Special Needs

264

(1)

Reduced Incarceration of Women Is Recommended

265

(1)

Chapter Recap

266

(1)

Review Questions

266

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

266

(3)

Part Five: Institutional Administration and Management

269

(114)

Correctional Administration

270

(26)

U.S. Correctional Systems Operate on Three Levels

271

(1)

The Federal Correctional System Houses Offenders Convicted of Federal Crimes

271

(1)

Each State Has Its Own Correctional System

271

(1)

Local Correctional Systems House Pretrial Detainees and Misdemeanants

272

(1)

Most Correctional Organizations Are in the Public Domain

272

(4)

The Government Is Responsible for the Punishment of Convicted Offenders

274

(1)

Ambiguous Correctional Goals Have Caused Problems

274

(1)

The Private Sector Has Again Become Involved in Corrections

274

(2)

Administrative and Managerial Personnel

276

(3)

System-Wide Administrators Create Policy and Programs

277

(1)

Institutional Administrators Implement Policies and Programs

277

(1)

Middle-Level Managers Oversee Specific Programs

278

(1)

First-Line Supervisors Oversee Line Personnel

279

(1)

Various Approaches to Correctional Administration

279

(8)

Close Up: Joe Ragen-The Ultimate Authoritarian

280

(1)

Structural Concepts Help to Identify the Administrative Hierarchy

280

(1)

Close Up: George Beto and the Texas System

281

(1)

There Are Three Major Organizational Models

281

(1)

The Authoritarian Model Is Characterized by a Strong Autocratic Leader

282

(1)

Under the Bureaucratic Model Control Is Maintained by the Book

282

(1)

The Participative Model Allows Staff to Contribute to Problem Solving

283

(1)

Close Up: Washington State Penitentiary-An Example of Inmate Participation That Did Not Work

284

(1)

Proactive Corrections Management Is Analogous to Preventive Maintenance

285

(1)

Characteristics of Successful Correctional Administrators

286

(1)

Disorder in the Prison: A Sign of Poor Management

287

(7)

The New Mexico Riot Was One of the Most Savage in U.S. History

288

(2)

The Riot at Camp Hill Was Precipitated by Policy Changes

290

(1)

The Lucasville Riot May Have Been Curtailed If Staff Had Responded Sooner

291

(1)

The Control of Group Violence Requires a Plan

291

(2)

A Well-Run Prison: Oak Park Heights

293

(1)

The Mecklenburg Design Was Similar to That at Oak Park Heights But Its Management Style Was Not

294

(1)

Sound Management Principles Improve Correctional Systems

294

(1)

Chapter Recap

294

(1)

Review Questions

295

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

295

(1)

Custodial Personnel

296

(20)

Status of Correctional Officers

297

(1)

Most Correctional Officers Are White Males in Their Mid-Thirties

297

(1)

Recruiting Qualified Correctional Officers Has Become Easier

297

(1)

Training of Correctional Officers

298

(3)

Formal Training Involves Classroom Instruction

299

(2)

Informal Training Provides a Different Orientation

301

(1)

The Various Roles of Correctional Officers

301

(8)

Relationships between Correctional Officers and Inmates Have Changed

301

(1)

Correctional Officers, Lacking a Role in Policy Making, Often Feel Unsupported by Administration

302

(1)

Correctional Officer Subcultures Tend to Vary from System to System

303

(1)

Close Up: The Prison: A Paramilitary Versus Human Services Organization

304

(1)

Correctional Officers Perform Many Different Jobs

304

(2)

Custodial Procedures and Disciplinary Actions Are the Mechanisms by Which COs Maintain Order

306

(1)

Custodial Procedures Control Inmate Movement and Contraband

307

(1)

Disciplinary Procedures Are Used to Deal with Rule Violators

308

(1)

The Acid Test of Staff Training Involves the Ability of COs to Control Inmates

308

(1)

Female and Minority Correctional Officers

309

(3)

Increasing Numbers of Female Correctional Officers Are Working in Male Prisons

309

(3)

The Work Environment of Correctional Officers

312

(2)

COs Have Joined Unions to Obtain Representation in Matters Affecting Them

312

(1)

Concerns of Unionized COs Focus on a Wide Range of Issues

313

(1)

Prison Work Is Stressful

313

(1)

Chapter Recap

314

(1)

Review Questions

315

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

315

(1)

History of Prisoner Rights, Court Access, and Remedies

316

(19)

The Evolution of Prisoner Rights

317

(5)

Under the Hands-Off Doctrine, the Courts Refused to Consider Inmate Claims of Unconstitutional Prison Conditions

317

(1)

The Hands-Off Doctrine Was Discarded in the 1960s

318

(1)

The Warren Court Extended Constitutional Rights to Minority Groups

318

(1)

Provisions of the Bill of Rights Were Selectively Incorporated into the Due Process Clause Making Them Binding on the States

319

(1)

By the Mid-1970s the Courts Were Reluctant to Further Expand Inmate Rights

319

(1)

The Pivotal Decisions Signaled the Court's New Direction

320

(1)

The Court Took a More Restrained Hands-On Approach

321

(1)

Constitutional Challenges May Now Be Taken to State Courts

322

(1)

Court Access Provides a Basis for Inmates to Secure Their Rights

322

(3)

Various Issues Surround the Adequacy Of and Access to Law Libraries

322

(2)

It Is Questionable Whether Inmates Can Prepare Their Own Cases

324

(1)

Prison Officials May Not Unreasonably Restrict Access to Attorneys

324

(1)

The Courts Upheld Access to Inmate Assistance in Filing Cases

324

(1)

Jailhouse Lawyers Assist Inmates in Filing Their Cases

324

(1)

There are Two Types of JHLs

325

(1)

JHLs Serve a Number of Functions

325

(1)

Inmates Become JHLs for a Variety of Reasons

325

(1)

Postconviction Actions

325

(5)

Tort Actions Are One Form of Legal Relief

326

(1)

Inmates Can Bring Cases to the Federal Courts Under Section 1983 of the Civil Rights Act

326

(1)

An Injunction Requires Acts to Be Performed or Terminated

326

(2)

Inmates Can Be Awarded Damages in Some Legal Actions

328

(1)

Fees Are Awarded to Plaintiff Attorneys But Rarely Are They Assessed against Inmates

328

(1)

Consent Decrees Are Agreements That Settle Disputes

328

(1)

Habeas Corpus Actions Are Used to Challenge Convictions and Confinement Conditions

328

(1)

There Are Many Misconceptions Regarding Prisoner Litigation

329

(1)

The Relative Number of Habeas Corpus Complaints Has Been Declining

329

(1)

A Rise in Civil Rights Actions Indicates Greater Concern with Prison Conditions

329

(1)

Enforcement of Judicial Orders

330

(3)

The Enforcement of Judicial Orders Is Not Easy

330

(1)

Court Orders against Resistant Defendants Are Enforced by Two Methods

331

(1)

Resistant Defendants Can Be Held in Contempt

331

(1)

Judges Can Supervise Compliance or Appoint Agents To Do So

331

(1)

Special Masters Assist the Courts in Certain Legal Actions

331

(1)

Masters Have Played Three Roles in Correctional Cases

331

(1)

Courts Appoint Masters for Several Reasons

332

(1)

Several Types of Actions Are Possible against Resisters

332

(1)

Chapter Recap

333

(1)

Review Questions

334

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

334

(1)

Prisoner Substantive and Procedural Rights

335

(22)

Restrictions on First Amendment Rights

336

(1)

Inmates Have Certain Rights Relating to the Use of Mail

336

(1)

Some Restrictions on Publications and Literature Have Been Justified

337

(1)

Eighth Amendment Prohibition against Cruel and Unusual Punishment

337

(13)

Isolated Confinement Has Been Used for a Long Time

338

(1)

Solitary Confinement Is Not Usually Considered Unconstitutional

338

(1)

Isolation of Inmates May Have Adverse Psychological Effects

339

(1)

The Courts Approve Use of Force in a Correctional Setting under Certain Circumstances

339

(1)

The Use of Force by COs Ranges from Justified to Unjustified

339

(1)

The Staff Subculture Can Influence the Use of Force

340

(1)

Circumstances and Amount Employed Govern the Acceptable Use of Force

341

(1)

Close Up: When Is Force Repugnant: The Hudson v. McMillian Case

342

(1)

The Various Levels of Control are Determined by the Type of Resistance

342

(4)

Inmates Have a Right to Protection against Assault

346

(1)

Deliberate Indifference Is Required to Hold Prison Officials Responsible for Failure to Protect Inmates from Harm

346

(2)

Officials Who Encourage or Passively Observe Inmate Assaults Can Be Held Responsible for the Resulting Harm to an Inmate

348

(1)

Certain Conditions Caused by Overcrowding May Be Unconstitutional

348

(1)

Consider This...: Do Some People Who Go to Jail Deserve What They Get?

349

(1)

Due Process Procedures in Institutions

350

(2)

Rules and Regulations Must Be Clearly Stated and Be Related to Legitimate Penal Objectives

350

(1)

Inmates Retain the Right to Procedural Due Process

351

(1)

Due Process Procedures Are Required to Deprive an Inmate of Certain Types of Interests

351

(1)

Due Process in Prison Does Not Require Any Specific Procedures

352

(1)

Fourth Amendment Rights to Privacy

352

(3)

Cell Searches Are Conducted to Search for Contraband

353

(1)

Pat-Down or Frisk Searches of Inmates and Urine Tests to Determine Illegal Drug Use Are Permitted in Prisons

353

(1)

The Courts Recognize Strip Searches Are Needed to Control Contraband

353

(1)

Body Cavity Probes Must Be Conducted by Trained Medical Staff

354

(1)

The Courts Have Restricted the Items That Can Be Taken from Inmates

354

(1)

Chapter Recap

355

(1)

Review Questions

356

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

356

(1)

Classification and Custody

357

(26)

Reception and Orientation

358

(1)

Classification Procedures

359

(3)

Basic Forms of Classifications Have a Long History

359

(1)

Modern Classification Systems Analyze and Organize the Diverse Inmate Population

360

(1)

Objective Systems Began to Be Developed in the 1970s

360

(1)

Classification Protects Inmates from Each Other

360

(1)

Classification Protects the Public

361

(1)

Classification Increases the Efficient Use of Prison Resources

361

(1)

Classification Is Used for Inmate Control

362

(1)

Classification Is a Source of Planning Information

362

(1)

Elements of the Classification Process

362

(10)

Distinctions between Security and Custody Are Not Always Clear

362

(1)

Security Focuses on Protecting Society from Inmates

363

(1)

Maximum Security Restricts Inmate Activity and Closely Controls Them

363

(2)

Close Security Facilitates House Inmates with Different Custody Designations

365

(1)

Medium Security Prisons Provide a Wide Variety of Programs

365

(1)

Level II Minimum Security Prisons Are Open Institutions

365

(1)

Level I Community Security Facilities Are Open Programs

365

(1)

Custody Deals with Levels of Supervision

366

(1)

Maximum Custody Inmates Are Closely Supervised and Have Limited Freedom and Movement

366

(1)

Close Custody Inmates Can Participate in Programs under Supervision

366

(1)

Medium Custody Inmates Can Participate in Institutional Programs and Do Not Require Direct Supervision

366

(1)

Minimum Custody Inmates Can Move about the Institution Unsupervised

366

(1)

Community Custody Inmates Are Allowed to Be Unsupervised in Community Facilities

366

(1)

Close Up: Marion, A Federal Super-Maximum Security Facility

367

(1)

There Are Several Issues Related to Minimum Security Facilities

368

(1)

Can Minimum Security Facilities Accommodate Long-Term Inmates?

368

(1)

Minimum Security Facilities Must Deal with Community Opposition

369

(1)

Can Minimum Security Facilities Provide Adequate Programs?

369

(1)

Segregation of Some Inmates Helps Protect Them and Others

369

(1)

Needs Assessment Determines an Inmate's Program and Service Requirements

370

(1)

Determining Inmate Needs Leads to Proper Program Placement

370

(1)

Close Up: Conditions of PC Confinement

371

(1)

Finding the Right Programs to Meet Inmate Needs Is Important

372

(1)

Classification Models

372

(7)

The National Institute of Corrections Model Is a Management Tool

372

(1)

Inmates Are Rated on Predictive Variables

372

(3)

Inmates' Medical Needs and Intellectual Levels Can Affect Facility Placement

375

(1)

Inmate Progress Is Monitored through the Reclassification Process

375

(1)

The Federal Prison System Classification Model Contains Objective Criteria with Staff Overrides

375

(1)

Initial Classification Is Based on Security Considerations

376

(3)

The Federal System Has Received Positive Evaluations

379

(1)

Objective Classification Systems Had a Positive Impact

379

(1)

Future of Classification

379

(2)

Conclusion

380

(1)

Chapter Recap

381

(1)

Review Questions

382

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

382

(1)

Part Six: Institutional Programs and Services

383

(88)

Basic Prison Programs: Educational and Work

384

(25)

Provision of Basic Inmate Needs

385

(1)

There Are Important Reasons for Providing Basic Services

385

(1)

Improving Inmates' Skills Can Reduce Crime

385

(1)

Courts Have Required Basic Services

385

(1)

Programs Increase the Efficiency and Security of the Prison

386

(1)

Educational Programs

386

(11)

Prison Education Programs Have a Long History

386

(1)

After the Civil War Education Came to Be Viewed as an Important Element in the Reformation of Offenders

386

(1)

In the 1960s Correctional Education Began to Receive Greater Emphasis

387

(1)

In the 1980s Several Factors Furthered the Development of Correctional Education

387

(1)

There Are Several Types of Correctional Education Programs

387

(1)

Close Up: Literacy in Prison

388

(1)

Many Jurisdictions Require Inmates below a Certain Literacy Level to Enroll in Education Programs

389

(1)

Both Adult Basic Education and Literacy Program Focus on Developing Elementary Academic Skills

389

(1)

Close Up: Inmates Teaching Inmates

390

(1)

GED Programs Provide Inmates with an Opportunity to Obtain a High School Diploma

390

(1)

Life Skill Programs Focus on Providing Inmates with the Skills to ``Make It'' in Society

391

(1)

Vocational Education Programs Are Designed to Provide Inmates with Job Skills

392

(2)

Close Up: Project Rio

394

(1)

Various Postsecondary Programs Are Open to Inmates

394

(2)

Mandatory Participation and Provision of Incentives Are Two Issues in Correctional Education

396

(1)

Voluntary or Coerced Entry into Basic Education Programs Is a Debated Issue

396

(1)

Should Inmates Receive Incentives for Participation in Education Programs?

396

(1)

Prison Work Programs

397

(10)

The Use of Inmate Labor Has a Long History

397

(1)

Inmate Workers Help to Maintain the Institution

397

(1)

Many Maintenance/Service Tasks Are Available

397

(1)

Employment of Inmates in Agricultural, Forestry, and Road Work Activities Is Also Common

398

(1)

Over Time Attitudes toward Prison Industries Have Changed

398

(1)

Historically There Were Two Main Types of Prison Industry Systems

398

(2)

Restrictive Legislation Suppressed Prison Industries

400

(1)

Reintegration, Overcrowding, and Emphasis on the Private Sector Have Revitalized Prison Industries

400

(1)

Contemporary Prison Industries Have Three Goals

401

(1)

The Offender Benefits by Developing Working Skills and Saving Money

401

(1)

The Institution Can Benefit from Prison Industries

401

(1)

Society Can Benefit from Prison Industries

401

(1)

Attaining Offender, Institutional, and Societal Goals for Work Programs Can Create Problems

401

(1)

The Prison Environment Imposes Constraints on Work Programs

402

(1)

Inmate Workers Can Pose Some Problems

402

(1)

Security Needs Can Disrupt Production

402

(1)

The Inmate Work Experience Must Include Reasonable Pay and Incentives

402

(1)

The Quality of Prison Goods and Services Has Been a Problem

403

(1)

Attempts Are Being Made to Revitalize Prison Industries

403

(1)

Private Sector Involvement in Prison Industry Includes Several Models

403

(1)

The Future of Prison Work and Industry Programs Involves the Private Sector

404

(2)

Close Up: PRIDE: An Example of the Corporate Model

406

(1)

Chapter Recap

407

(1)

Review Questions

408

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

408

(1)

Basic Prison Services: Physical and Mental Health and Treatment

409

(18)

Provision of Health Services

410

(2)

Prison Health Care Did Not Improve Until the 1970s

410

(1)

Inmates Have a Constitutional Right to Adequate Medical and Mental Health Care

410

(2)

Close Up: Florida's Correctional Mental Health Facilities Use Different Approaches

412

(1)

Correctional Mental Health Treatment Programs

412

(1)

A Variety of Treatment Modalities Have Been Used in Prisons

412

(1)

The Main Goal of Behavior Modification Is Behavior Change

412

(1)

Cognitive Approaches Are Often Learning Based

413

(1)

Issues Surrounding the Provision of Inmate Health Care

413

(5)

Inmates Have More Health Problems Than the General Population

413

(1)

Close Up: The Lifestyle Approach to Correctional Treatment

414

(1)

Prison Medical Facilities Vary According to Institution Size

415

(1)

There Are Many Facets to the Treatment of Inmate Medical Problems

415

(2)

Close Up: Billing for Medical Care

417

(1)

Adequate Medical Assessment Is the Key to a Good Health Care System

417

(1)

Several Factors Have Made It More Attractive for Physicians to Work in Prisons

417

(1)

Private Companies Are Now Providing More Prison Health Care

417

(1)

National Accreditation Can Improve Medical Services

418

(1)

Many Inmates Are Drug Offenders

418

(1)

Drug Treatment Programs

418

(1)

Offenders Enter Treatment Programs in Different Ways

419

(1)

Drug Treatment Aims to Reduce Drug Use and Criminal Behavior

419

(1)

The Therapeutic Community Model Is Effective in Treating Serious Drug Problems

419

(1)

Infectious Diseases Are Increasing Among Inmates

419

(6)

Close Up: The Stay'n Out and 977 Serendipity Programs

420

(1)

Tuberculosis Is Reemerging in Jails and Prisons

421

(1)

Inmates with Active Tuberculosis Must Be Isolated

421

(1)

AIDS Is an Immune System Disease without a Known Cure

421

(1)

Inmates Have AIDS at Ten Times the Rate of the General Population

422

(1)

AIDS Has Generated Problems and Controversies for Correctional Administrators

422

(3)

Chapter Recap

425

(1)

Review Questions

426

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

426

(1)

Basic Prison Services: Food and Religion

427

(20)

Prison Food Service

427

(5)

Food Has a Critical Role in Prisons

428

(1)

Menu Planning Can Be Complex

429

(1)

Some Inmates Require Special Diets

429

(1)

The Feeding of Inmates Requires Close Scrutiny

430

(1)

Inmates Are Fed in Dining Rooms or in Their Units

430

(1)

Serving Lines Must Be Controlled

431

(1)

Food Service Areas Require Security

431

(1)

More Efficient Food Preparation Methods Can Deal with Overcrowding and Prison Emergencies

431

(1)

Religious Programs

432

(1)

Religious Groups Have Historically Been Concerned with Offenders

432

(13)

The Introduction of the Treatment Approach to Corrections Provided a New Incentive for Young, Better Qualified Men to Become Chaplains

433

(1)

The Courts Have Dealt with Several Religious Issues

433

(1)

The Religious Freedom Restoration Act Will Have a Major Impact on the Regulation of Religious Practices in Prison

434

(2)

The Contemporary Chaplain Has a Variety of Functions

436

(1)

The Chaplain's Main ``Mission'' Is to Improve the Lot of Inmates

437

(1)

Chaplains Coordinate, Supervise, and Run All Religious Activities

437

(2)

Black Muslim Clergy Have Increasingly Become Involved in Prison Religious Activities

439

(1)

Chaplains Help Regulate and Distribute Religious Items

440

(1)

Chaplains Must Be Responsive to a Number of Inmate Needs

440

(1)

Counseling Inmates Can Put Chaplains into Difficult Situations

440

(1)

Close Up: An Imam Provides Religious Leadership for Muslim Inmates

441

(1)

Chaplains Assist Inmates in Dealing with Many Situations

442

(1)

Prison Religious Programs Are Vulnerable to Manipulation by Inmates

442

(1)

Integration into the Prison Staff Can Be Difficult for Chaplains

443

(1)

Chaplains Also Minister to Staff and Their Families

443

(1)

Effective Chaplains Must Have Certain Characteristics

444

(1)

Chapter Recap

445

(1)

Review Questions

446

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

446

(1)

Family Ties, Visiting, and Recreation

447

(24)

Visitation and Inmate Family Ties

448

(1)

Family Contacts Positively Impact Inmate Prison and Postrelease Behavior

448

(1)

Family Ties Provide Inmates with a Support System and the Motivation to Change

448

(1)

Incarceration Creates Crises for Prisoners' Wives

449

(1)

Imprisonment for Inmates' Wives Is Like the Death of a Loved One

449

(1)

Visitation Programs

449

(12)

Visiting Rules Are Based on Security Concerns

450

(1)

Most Often Inmates Are Visited by Family Members

450

(1)

Wives Commonly Bring the Children When They Visit

450

(1)

Prison Visiting Schedules and Visiting Area Capacities Vary Widely

451

(1)

Conditions External to the Prison Affect Visitors

451

(1)

Getting to the Prison Can Be Difficult

451

(1)

Transportation Assistance to Some Prisons Is Provided

451

(1)

Visiting Centers and Hospitality Houses Assist Visitation

452

(1)

Close Up: An Inmate's View of the Importance of Hospitality Centers

453

(1)

Visiting Conditions Relate to Institutional Security and Inmate Custody Level

453

(1)

Rules Specify Mode of Dress and the Items Visitors Are Permitted to Bring

453

(1)

Visitors Are Frequently Searched

453

(1)

There Is a Spectrum of Possible Visiting Conditions

454

(1)

The Visiting Room Atmosphere Can Affect the Outcome of the Visit

454

(1)

Sexual Intimacy, Although Prohibited, Can Occur During Visitation

455

(1)

Some Institutions Allow Private Family/Conjugal Visiting

456

(1)

Family Visits Can Benefit Inmates

456

(1)

There Are Objections to Conjugal Visiting

457

(1)

Family/Conjugal Visiting Programs Have Some Common Characteristics

457

(1)

Some Institutions Provide Family Counseling and Parenting Programs to Strengthen Family Ties and Promote Visiting

458

(1)

Telephones Are a Vital Link to Family and Friends

458

(1)

Close Up: M-2 Sponsored Program Provides Visitors for Isolated Inmates

459

(1)

All Systems Place Restrictions on Phone Calls

460

(1)

Furloughs Let Some Inmates Temporarily Leave Prison

461

(1)

Recreational Programs

461

(7)

Prison Recreation Has a Long History

461

(1)

Prisons Began to Develop Diversified Recreation Programs in the 1970s

462

(1)

Recreation Benefits Both Inmates and Institutions

462

(2)

Good Recreational Programming Has Many Facets

464

(1)

Recreational Programs Require Adequate Staff and Diverse Activities

465

(1)

Community Groups Participate In and Support Recreation Programs

466

(1)

Inmates Need to Be Informed about Recreational Activies

466

(1)

Overcrowding and Budget Constraints May Adversely Affect Recreation Programs

467

(1)

Chapter Recap

468

(1)

Review Questions

468

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

468

(3)

Part Seven: Community Correctional Programs and Facilities

471

(65)

Jails and Detention: The American Jail

472

(21)

The Diverse Population of Jails

473

(2)

The Long History of Jails

475

(1)

Jails in England Originated in the Medieval Period

475

(1)

Jails in America Date Back to the Colonial Period

476

(1)

Early Jails Resembled Homes

476

(1)

About Half the Jails in the U.S. Were Built after World War II

476

(1)

Basic Jail Designs

476

(3)

A Linear Design Results in Intermittent Surveillance

476

(1)

One Podular Design Uses Remote Supervision

477

(1)

The Newest Podular Design Uses Direct Supervision

478

(1)

Security and Control

479

(2)

Sound Perimeter Security Is a Primary Line of Control

479

(1)

Control Is Easier When the Population Is Divided into Manageable Groups

480

(1)

Well-Designed Jails Facilitate the Surveillance of Inmates

480

(1)

Jail Admission Process

481

(2)

The Design of the Intake Area Affects the Control of Arrestees

481

(1)

Many Offenders Spend Only a Few Hours in Jail

481

(1)

Medical and Mental Health Screening of Arrestees Is Routine in Many Jails

481

(1)

Accurate Identification of the Inmate Involves Several Steps

482

(1)

Good Classification and Orientation Facilitate Control

482

(1)

Special Problems of Certain Types of Inmates

483

(3)

Substance Abusers May Require Special Care

483

(1)

Changes in Mental Health Policies Have Increased the Number of Mentally Ill in Jails

484

(1)

Some Inmates Are Suicidal

484

(1)

Juveniles Are at Risk in Adult Jails

485

(1)

Females Have Been the ``Forgotten Inmates'' of the Jail System

486

(1)

Jail Staff and Programs

486

(3)

Correctional Officers Constitute the Bulk of the Staff

486

(1)

In Many Jails Road Deputies Must First Serve as COs

486

(1)

Professionalization of COs Requires Substantial Training

487

(1)

The Primary Role of Jail Staff Is Supervision

487

(1)

Control Is Best Achieved by Having Inmate Behavior Determine Confinement Conditions

487

(1)

Jail Management Involves a Variety of Issues

487

(1)

Jail Regionalization and Separation from Law Enforcement Are New Trends

487

(1)

Good Management Requires Frequent Contact between Command Staff and Inmates

488

(1)

Constitutional Jails Provide a Safe Environment for Staff and Inmates

488

(1)

Jails Provide Some Programs for Inmates

489

(1)

Jails Usually Have Little Recreational Space

489

(1)

Some Jails Offer Education and Substance Abuse Programs

489

(1)

Some Jails Have Begun Industry Programs

489

(1)

It Is Difficult to Institute Jail Programs

490

(1)

The Future of the American Jail

490

(1)

Chapter Recap

491

(1)

Review Questions

492

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

492

(1)

Probation and Parole

493

(21)

Probation as an Alternative to Imprisonment

494

(7)

Probation and Its Antecedents Mitigated Harsh Sentences

494

(1)

John Augustus Was the Father of Modern Probation

495

(1)

Probation Grew Rapidly in the Early Twentieth Century

495

(1)

Probation in the Era of Just Deserts

495

(1)

Probation Today Is at Record Levels

496

(1)

A Sentence to Probation Depends on Several Factors

496

(2)

Conditions Are the Limits Placed on Probationers

498

(1)

The Organization and Administration of Probation Services

499

(1)

Caseload Size Determines the Level of Supervision

499

(1)

Caseload Assignments Are Made in Several Ways

499

(1)

The Presentence Investigation Is an Important Probation Officer Activity

500

(1)

The PSI Helps in Sentencing and Treatment

500

(1)

The PSI Requires a Lot of Information

500

(1)

Issues Related to PSIs

500

(1)

Parole Is Served in the Community

501

(2)

Developments in the United States Resulted from Changes in Philosophy

501

(1)

The Return to Retribution Reduced Discretionary Parole

502

(1)

Today the Number of Parolees Is at an All-Time High

502

(1)

There Are Several Types of Release from Prison

502

(1)

The Organization and Administration of Parole Services

502

(1)

Parole Is an Executive Function

502

(1)

The Parole Board Makes the Parole Decision

502

(1)

Objective Parole Criteria and Guidelines Help in Making the Decision

503

(1)

Supervision and Service Delivery to Probationers and Parolees

503

(8)

PO Strategies Balance Surveillance and Service

503

(1)

The Probation/Parole Officer as a Law Enforcement Agent

503

(1)

Close Up: Should POs Be Armed?

504

(1)

The Probation/Parole Officer as a Caseworker

504

(1)

The Probation/Parole Officer as a Resource Broker/Advocate

505

(1)

Probation or Parole Can Be Revoked for Violations

505

(1)

Several Court Decisions Have Affected the Revocation Process

505

(1)

Revocation Research Shows a Strong Substance Abuse Influence

506

(1)

The Effectiveness of Probation/Parole Supervision

507

(1)

Effectiveness Studies Show Relatively High Levels of Recidivism

507

(3)

Some Research Compares Probation and Parole Outcomes

510

(1)

Parole Studies Also Show High Recidivism

510

(1)

Selection of Probation and Parole Officers

511

(1)

Stress and Burnout are Problems

511

(1)

Conclusion

512

(1)

Chapter Recap

512

(1)

Review Questions

513

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

513

(1)

Intermediate Sanctions: Getting Tough in the Community

514

(22)

Historical Development of Intermediate Sanctions

515

(1)

The Correctional Philosophy Underlying Intermediate Sanctions Has Changed

515

(1)

What Are Intermediate Sanctions Suppose to Do?

516

(1)

Various Intermediate Sanction Programs Exist

516

(17)

Halfway Houses Are Treatment Oriented

516

(1)

This Type of Facility Has Existed for a Long Time

517

(1)

Guidelines for Opening and Operating a Halfway House

518

(1)

The Vast Majority of Halfway Houses Today Are Privately Operated

518

(1)

Close Up: Delancy Street Is a Very Unique Halfway House

519

(1)

Work/Study Release Programs Provide Prerelease Employment or Education

519

(1)

Early Work Release Programs Began in Wisconsin

520

(1)

Work Release Has Various Goals and Objectives

520

(1)

How Work Release Programs Operate

520

(1)

Intensive Probation Supervision Programs Are Designed for Prison-Bound Offenders

521

(1)

These Programs Had Antecedents in California

522

(1)

Programs Developed in the 1980s Were Designed to Increase Control

523

(1)

New IPS Programs Are More Successful in Achieving Some Goals Than Others

523

(1)

House Arrest/Home Confinement Programs Make Offenders' Homes Their Jails

524

(1)

Many Are Stand-Alone Programs Because They Are Not Associated with Probation Programs

524

(1)

Electronic Monitoring Increases Surveillance

524

(1)

Historical Development of Electronic Monitoring Programs

524

(1)

Close Up: Does IPS Work?

525

(1)

There Are Several Types of Electronic Monitors

526

(1)

Close Up: Florida's Community Control Program

527

(1)

Shock Incarceration and Boot Camp Involve Short-Term Incarceration

528

(1)

Shock Incarceration Was the Predecessor of Boot Camps

528

(1)

Boot Camps Are Molded after Military Boot Camp Training

528

(3)

Close Up: New York's Shock Incarceration Program: A Model for the Future

531

(1)

Close Up: The Metropolitan Day Reporting Center, Boston

532

(1)

Day Reporting Centers Are an Innovation

533

(1)

The Programs Have a British Origin

533

(1)

The Goals and Purposes of DRCs Vary

533

(1)

Future of Intermediate Sanctions

533

(1)

Chapter Recap

534

(1)

Review Questions

534

(1)

Test Your Knowledge

534

(2)

Epilogue: What Can We Expect as the Twentieth Century Comes to a Close?

536

(11)

Trends Affecting the Future of Corrections

537

(4)

The Public Mood Toward Criminals Is Becoming More Punitive

537

(1)

The Public Is Advocating a Reduction in Prevention Programs

538

(1)

The Demographic Structure of the Population Is Changing

538

(1)

Criminogenic Social Conditions Will Continue to Affect Involvement in Crime

538

(1)

Will the Public Continue to Support the Most Expensive Solutions?

539

(1)

Will the Courts Continue to Insist on Constitutional Prisons?

540

(1)

How Can Corrections Respond?

541

(1)

Dilemmas Facing Corrections

541

(2)

What Are Some Approaches Corrections Might Take?

543

(4)

Strengthening Community Corrections for the Twenty-First Century

543

(1)

Creating Tough Prisons

544

(1)

Close Up: The Return of Chain Gangs

544

(2)

Private Sector Involvement in the Correctional Process May Grow

546

(1)

Developing Prisons with a Humane Environment

546

(1)

Epilogue Recap

547

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Corrections A Comprehensive View

Summary

Table of Contents

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