Corrosion of Metallic Heritage Artefacts

, by Dillmann; Beranger; Piccardo; Matthiessen

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ISBN: 9781845692391 | 184569239X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/21/2007

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Understanding long-term corrosion processes is critical in many areas, including archaeology and conservation. This important book reviews key themes such as the processes underlying corrosion over long periods, how corrosion rates can be measured and materials conserved. After an overview of the study and conservation of metal archaeological artefacts, a group of chapters reviews long-term corrosion in metals such as iron, steels, copper, bronzes, and non-ferrous metal alloys. Other chapters review the impact of environmental factors on corrosion rates. The book also considers instrumental techniques for measuring corrosion such as electrochemistry and scanning electron microscopy, as well as ways of modelling corrosion processes. There is also coverage of the effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors.

Contributor contact details	p. xiii
Series introduction	p. xix
Volumes in the EFC series	p. xxi
Foreword	p. xxvii
Preface	p. xxix
Examination and conservation of historical and archaeological metal artefacts: a European overview	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
How scientific examination and archacometric studies receive most of the funding	p. 2
The necessity for research on conservation of historical and archaeological artefacts	p. 6
Training in conservation science: a chance for better recognition of the discipline?	p. 10
Pro-active responsibilities for conservators	p. 11
Networking	p. 12
Conclusion	p. 13
References	p. 13
Corrosion behaviour of low-alloy steels: from ancient past to far future	p. 18
Introduction	p. 18
Uniform corrosion and localized corrosion	p. 18
Atmospheric corrosion	p. 21
Corrosion in soils	p. 23
Corrosion in cementitious environments	p. 28
Conclusion	p. 28
Acknowledgements	p. 29
References	p. 29
Archaeological metal artefacts and conservation issues: long-term corrosion studies	p. 31
Introduction	p. 31
The artefact's history and its material condition	p. 31
The limit of the original surface	p. 34
Locating the limit of the original surface	p. 35
Conclusion	p. 39
References	p. 40
Contribution of iron archaeological artefacts to the estimation of average corrosion rates and the long-term corrosion mechanisms of low-carbon steel buried in soil	p. 41
Introduction	p. 41
Literature review	p. 42
Characterisation of corrosion layouts and mechanisms	p. 43
Average corrosion rate estimation	p. 59
Conclusion	p. 73
Acknowledgements	p. 74
References	p. 74
Electrochemical study of steel artefacts from World War I: Contribution of A.C. impedance spectroscopy and chronoamperometry to describe the behaviour of the corrosion layers	p. 77
Introduction	p. 77
Objective and experimental methods	p. 77
Specific electrochemical behaviour depending on the corrosion layers	p. 80
Advanced electrochemical study of the internal corrosion layer	p. 82
Conclusion	p. 90
References	p. 90
Species transport in the corrosion products of ferrous archaeological analogues: contribution to the modelling of long-term iron corrosion mechanisms	p. 92
Introduction	p. 92
Analysed corpus and experimental methods	p. 94
Results and discussion	p. 96
Corrosion rates evaluation	p. 100
Conclusion	p. 107
References	p. 107
Long-term behaviour of iron embedded in concrete: from the characterisation of archaeological analogues to the verification of the oxygen reduction as the limiting step for corrosion rate	p. 109
Introduction	p. 109
Characterisation of long-term corrosion layout of iron embedded in old binders	p. 111
Proposition of a modelling approach for the corrosion of iron in concrete	p. 122
Conclusion	p. 128
Acknowledgements	p. 129
References	p. 129
Study of the atmospheric corrosion of iron by ageing historical artefacts and contemporary low-alloy steel in a climatic chamber: comparison with mechanistic modelling	p. 131
Introduction	p. 131
Atmospheric corrosion of iron	p. 132
Experimental ageing of historical artefacts	p. 139
Results and discussion	p. 144
Conclusion	p. 148
References	p. 149
Appendix: Table of symbols and values	p. 151
The corrosion of metallic artefacts in seawater: descriptive analysis	p. 152
Introduction	p. 152
Brief description of the seawater environment	p. 153
Corrosion of iron-based artefacts	p. 156
Marine corrosion of copper alloys	p. 164
Seawater corrosion aspects of lead- and tin-based 'white' metals	p. 164
Knowledge of the degradation state of metallic artefacts	p. 165
Conclusion	p. 167
References	p. 167
Contribution of local and structural characterisation for studies of the corrosion mechanisms related to the presence of chlorine on archaeological ferrous artefacts	p. 170
Introduction	p. 170
Experimental corpus of archaeological artefacts	p. 172
Methodology: cross-section characterisation	p. 174
Results	p. 176
Discussion	p. 184
Conclusion	p. 187
Acknowledgements	p. 187
References	p. 188
A proposal to describe reactivated corrosion of archaeological iron objects	p. 190
Introduction	p. 190
Giving a name to this type of corrosion	p. 191
Forms of corrosion	p. 192
Diagnostics	p. 200
Perspectives	p. 200
References	p. 201
Simulation of corrosion processes of buried archaeological bronze artefacts	p. 203
Introduction	p. 203
Materials and methods	p. 205
Results and discussion	p. 207
Conclusions	p. 216
References	p. 217
Corrosion patina or intentional patina: contribution of non-destructive analyses to the surface study of copper-based archaeological objects	p. 219
Introduction	p. 219
The objects	p. 220
Instrumentations and methods for analyses	p. 222
Results	p. 223
Discussion	p. 232
Conclusions	p. 235
Acknowledgements	p. 236
References	p. 236
Tin and copper oxides in corroded archaeological bronzes	p. 239
Introduction	p. 239
Materials and methods	p. 243
Characterisation of the internal corrosion layers containing oxides	p. 244
Discussion: tin oxide, copper oxide and 'type 2' corrosion	p. 254
Conclusions	p. 259
Acknowledgements	p. 260
References	p. 260
Corrosion problems and reconstruction of the copper roof on Queen Anna's Summer Palace, Prague	p. 263
Introduction	p. 263
Survey of corrosion products and damage to copper roofs and claddings in Prague	p. 263
Corrosion damage on copper roof of Queen Anna's Summer Palace	p. 264
Reconstruction of the copper roof	p. 265
Artificial patinas	p. 267
Study of behaviour of artificial patinas in atmospheric conditions	p. 268
Conclusions	p. 270
Acknowledgement	p. 270
References	p. 271
Long-term corrosion of iron at the waterlogged site of Nydam in Denmark: studies of environment, archaeological artefacts and modern analogues	p. 272
Introduction	p. 272
Study site	p. 272
Methods	p. 273
Results	p. 279
Discussion	p. 288
Conclusions	p. 290
Acknowledgements	p. 291
References	p. 291
On-line corrosion monitoring of indoor atmospheres	p. 293
Introduction	p. 293
Experimental	p. 293
Results and discussion	p. 297
Conclusions	p. 306
Acknowledgement	p. 306
References	p. 306
Corrosion inhibitors for metallic artefacts: temporary protection	p. 308
Introduction	p. 308
State of the art inhibitors	p. 309
New anti-corrosion formulations: sodium carboxylates	p. 314
Conclusions	p. 331
References	p. 333
Surface characterisation of corrosion inhibitors on bronzes for artistic casting	p. 335
Introduction	p. 335
Experimental	p. 336
Results	p. 337
Discussion	p. 346
Conclusions	p. 350
References	p. 350
Influence of microstructure and composition on corrosion of lead-rich organ pipes	p. 352
Introduction	p. 352
Experimental	p. 353
Results	p. 357
Discussion	p. 362
Conclusions	p. 366
Acknowledgements	p. 366
References	p. 366
Index	p. 368
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