Counseling Individuals With Life-Threatening Illness

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ISBN: 9780826115416 | 0826115411
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/15/2008

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"This useful book is a comprehensive and holistic guide for counselors, social workers, and health care professionals as they assist clients experiencing a serious illness. The book builds on a model developed by the author, based upon earlier work by Avery Weisman and E. M. Patterson."--BOOK JACKET.

Foreword	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xix
Introduction: Counseling Individuals with a Life-Threatening Illness	p. 1
References	p. 11
Historical Perspectives on Dying and Illness	p. 13
Introduction	p. 13
The Study of Dying: Early Efforts	p. 14
Hospice: A Way to Care for the Dying	p. 16
Kubler-Ross and On Death and Dying	p. 18
Toward a More Inclusive Conceptualization of the Dying Process	p. 19
Avery Weisman and the Complexity of Denial	p. 20
The Evolution of Anticipatory Grief	p. 22
The Possibilities in Dying	p. 24
Intervals and Phases	p. 25
Task and Phase Models of Coping with Life-Threatening Illness and Dying	p. 27
References	p. 28
Effective Professional Caregivers: Seven Sensitivities	p. 31
Sensitivity to the Whole Person	p. 32
Sensitivity to the Problem of Pain and Discomfort	p. 33
Sensitivity to Honest, Open, and Mutual Communication	p. 35
Sensitivity to the Individual's Autonomy	p. 41
Sensitivity to the Individual's Needs	p. 42
Sensitivity to Cultural Differences	p. 43
Sensitivity to Goals	p. 48
References	p. 49
The Skilled Counselor	p. 51
Skill as a Counselor	p. 51
Sensitivity to Families	p. 56
Herr and Weakland's (1979) Model	p. 56
Network Intervention	p. 58
Phases of Network Intervention	p. 59
Sensitivity to Different Age Groups and Populations	p. 60
Working with Children and Adolescents	p. 60
Working with Persons with Developmental Disabilities	p. 68
Working with the Older Persons	p. 70
Sensitivity to Self	p. 74
References	p. 79
Responses to Life-Threatening Illness	p. 81
Physical Responses	p. 82
Physical Manifestations of Stress	p. 82
Preoccupation with Health	p. 82
Cognitive Responses	p. 83
Shock	p. 83
Denial	p. 83
Egocentricity and Constriction of Interests	p. 86
Bargaining	p. 87
Changes in Body Image and Self-Esteem	p. 88
"Near-Death" and Other Extraordinary Experiences	p. 89
Other Dreams and Sleep Disturbances	p. 90
Existential Plight, Reassessment of Life, and Mortality	p. 91
Cognitive Impairments and Psychiatric Disturbances	p. 91
Suicidal Thoughts	p. 92
Hope	p. 92
Emotional Responses	p. 93
Guilt and Shame	p. 93
Anger	p. 94
Jealousy and Envy	p. 96
Fear and Anxiety	p. 96
Grief, Sadness, and Depression	p. 98
Resignation	p. 99
Other Emotional Responses	p. 100
Behavioral Responses	p. 100
Hypersensitivity	p. 100
Humor	p. 101
Disengagement	p. 101
Mastery and Control Behaviors	p. 102
Regression and Dependent Behaviors	p. 103
Acting-Out and Resisting Behaviors	p. 104
Spiritual Responses	p. 104
Changes in Spiritual Behaviors	p. 104
Seeking a Miracle	p. 105
Transcendent Behaviors	p. 106
Conclusion	p. 106
References	p. 108
Understanding the Illness Experience	p. 109
Introduction	p. 109
Disease-Related Factors: What Are the Particular Issues Raised by the Illness?	p. 110
The Nature of the Disease	p. 110
Predictability of the Disease Course	p. 110
Symptoms	p. 111
Psychological Effects	p. 111
Social Consequences	p. 112
Disease Trajectory	p. 112
Treatment Differences	p. 113
When Does Disease Strike? The Importance of the Life Cycle	p. 115
Infancy and Early Childhood	p. 115
The School-Age Child	p. 116
Adolescence	p. 118
The Young Adult	p. 120
The Middle-Aged Adult	p. 120
The Older Adult	p. 121
Social and Psychological Factors	p. 122
Characteristics Such as Gender, Race, Ethnicity and Culture, Social Class, and Income	p. 122
Intellectual Ability, Knowledge, Education, and Prior Experience	p. 123
The Meaning of Illness, Life, and Death: Religious, Spiritual, and Philosophical Systems	p. 123
Personality, Coping Skills, and Will to Live	p. 124
Informal Support: The Importance of Family, Friends, and Confidantes	p. 124
Formal Support	p. 125
Concurrent Crises	p. 125
Conclusion	p. 126
References	p. 126
The Prediagnostic Phase: Understanding the Road Before	p. 127
Introduction	p. 127
Symptom Related Factors	p. 129
How Apparent, Recognizable, and Serious are Symptoms?	p. 129
How Disruptive are the Symptoms?	p. 130
How Frequent and Persistent are the Symptoms?	p. 130
Possible Alternative Interpretations	p. 130
Physical and Psychological Factors	p. 131
Tolerance Thresholds	p. 131
Basic Beliefs and Knowledge	p. 131
Anxiety Level	p. 132
Personality Characteristics	p. 132
Childhood Experiences	p. 133
Situational Factors	p. 133
Social Context	p. 133
Competing Needs	p. 134
Availability of Help	p. 134
Social Factors	p. 134
Culture	p. 135
Social Class	p. 135
Educational Level	p. 136
Gender Roles	p. 136
Age	p. 136
Other Social Roles and Behaviors	p. 136
The Process of Health Seeking	p. 137
Health Seeking in Other Contexts	p. 138
References	p. 140
Counseling Clients Through Crisis of Diagnosis	p. 141
The Diagnostic Divide: The Acute Phase	p. 141
Understanding the Disease	p. 144
Examining and Maximizing Health and Lifestyle	p. 147
Maximizing One's Coping Strengths and Limiting Weaknesses	p. 147
Developing Strategies to Deal with Issues Created by Disease	p. 152
Whom to Tell	p. 152
Coping with Medical Professionals	p. 154
Deciding on Treatments	p. 155
Other Life Choices	p. 158
Exploring the Effect of Illness on Sense of Self and Relationships with Others	p. 159
Ventilating Feelings and Fears	p. 160
Incorporating the Present Reality of the Diagnosis into One's Sense of Past and Future	p. 162
The End of the Acute or Diagnostic Phase	p. 163
References	p. 164
Counseling Clients in the Chronic Phase of Illness	p. 165
The Chronic Phase: An Overview	p. 165
Managing Symptoms and Side Effects	p. 169
Carrying Out Health Regimens	p. 172
Preventing and Managing Medical Crises	p. 177
Managing Stress and Examining Coping	p. 179
Maximizing Social Support and Minimizing Social Isolation	p. 180
Normalizing Life in the Face of Disease	p. 183
Dealing with Financial Concerns	p. 186
Preserving Self-Concept	p. 188
Redefining Relationships with Others Throughout the Course of the Disease	p. 189
Ventilating Feelings and Fears	p. 190
Finding Meaning in Suffering, Chronicity, Uncertainty, or Decline	p. 192
The End of the Chronic Phase	p. 193
References	p. 194
Counseling Clients in Recovery	p. 195
Introduction	p. 195
Dealing with the Physical, Psychological, Social, Financial, and Spiritual Residues of Illness	p. 196
Coping with Ongoing Fears and Anxieties, Including Fear of Reoccurrence	p. 198
Examining Life and Lifestyle Issues and Reconstructing One's Life	p. 200
Redefining Relationships with Caregivers	p. 202
References	p. 203
Counseling Clients in the Terminal Phase	p. 205
Introduction	p. 205
Discussing Death	p. 208
Decisions in the Terminal Phase	p. 211
Should the Person Enter a Hospice Program?	p. 211
Ethical Issues at the End of Life	p. 214
Tasks of the Terminal Phase	p. 215
Managing Health Procedures and Institutional Procedures	p. 219
Managing Stress and Examining Coping	p. 220
Dealing Effectively with Caregivers	p. 222
Preparing for Death and Saying Goodbye	p. 223
Preserving Self-Concept	p. 225
Preserving Relationships with Family and Friends	p. 226
Ventilating Feeling and Fears	p. 228
Finding Meaning in Life and Death	p. 231
The Special Problem of the Comatose Person	p. 236
As Death Approaches	p. 237
References	p. 237
Counseling Families During a Life-Threatening Illness	p. 239
Introduction	p. 239
The Experience of Illness: A Family Perspective	p. 240
Assessing Factors that Affect Family Reactions	p. 248
Assessing Caregiving	p. 251
Family Tasks Throughout the Illness	p. 252
The Prediagnostic Phase	p. 252
The Diagnostic Phase	p. 253
The Chronic Phase	p. 258
Families and Recovery	p. 264
The Terminal Phase	p. 265
Supporting Families at the Time of Death	p. 271
Conclusion	p. 272
References	p. 272
Appendix	p. 275
Prediagnostic Phase	p. 275
Diagnostic Phase	p. 276
Chronic Phase	p. 277
Terminal Phase	p. 278
Recovery Phase	p. 279
Family Issues	p. 279
Index	p. 283
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Counseling Individuals With Life-Threatening Illness

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Counseling Individuals With Life-Threatening Illness

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