Crew Resource Management: Critical Essays

Crew Resource Management (CRM) training was first introduced in the late 1970s as a means to combating an increased number of accidents in which poor teamwork in the cockpit was a significant contributing factor. Since then, CRM training has expanded beyond the cockpit, for example, to cabin crews, maintenance crews, health care teams, nuclear power teams, and offshore oil teams. Not only has CRM expanded across communities, it has also drawn from a host of theories from multiple disciplines and evolved through a number of generations. Furthermore, a host of methodologies and tools have been developed that have allowed the community to better study and measure its effect on team performance and ultimately safety. Lacking, however, is a forum in which researchers and practitioners alike can turn to in order to understand where CRM has come from and where it is going. This volume, part of the 'Critical Essays on Human Factors in Aviation' series, proposes to do just that by providing a selection of readings which depicts the past, present, and future of CRM research and training.

Contents: Introduction; Part I History of CRM: The Naval Safety Center's aircrew coordination training, R.A. Alkov; 18 years of the CRM wars: a report from headquarters, D. Maurino; The evolution of crew resource management training in commercial aviation, R.L. Helmreich, A.C. Merritt and J.A. Wilhelm; Crew resource management: a time for reflection, D. Maurino. Part II Theoretical Developments: Dyads and triads at 35,000 feet, H.C. Foushee; Why crew resource management? Empirical and theoretical baese of human factors in aviation, R.L. Helmreich and H.C. Foushee; Training and research for teamwork in the military aircrew, C. Prince and E. Salas. Part III Methodological Tools and Developments: Cockpit management attitudes. Human factors, R.L. Helmreich; LOFT: full mission simulation as crew resource management training, R.E. Butler; A methodology for enhancing crew resource management training, E. Salas, C. Prince, C. Bowers, R. Stout, R. L. Oser, and J.A. Cannon Bowers; System safety and threat and error management: the line operations safety audit (LOSA), R.L. Helmreich, J.R. Klinect and J.A. Wilhelm; Methods used to evaluate the effectiveness of flightcrew CRM training in the UK aviation industry, P. O'Connor, R. Flin, G. Fletcher and P. Hemsley; Development of the NOTECHS (non-technical skills) system for assessing pilot's CRM skills, R. Flin, L. Martin, K. Goeters, H. Hormann, R. Amalberti, C. Valot and H. Nijhuis. Part IV Evaluation of CRM Training: Does CRM training improve teamwork skills in the cockpit? 2 evaluation studies, E. Salas, J.E. Fowlkes, R.J. Stout, D.M. Milanovich and C. Prince; Team training in the skies: does crew resource management (CRM) training work?, E. Salas, CV.S. Burke, C.A. Bowers and K.A. Wilson; Techniques used to evaluate crew resource management training: a literature review, P.O'Connor, R.Flin and G. Fletcher; Does CRM training work? An update, extension, and some critical needs, E. Salas, K.A. Wilson, C.S. Burke and D.C. Wightman. Part V CRM: Beyond Aviation: Anesthesia crisis resource-management training: teaching anethesiologists to handle critical incidents, S.K. Howard, D.M. Gaba, K.J. Fish, G. Yang and F.H. Sarnquist; Simulation-based training in anaesthesia crisis resource management (ACRM): a decade of experience, D.M. Gaba, S.K. Howard, K.J. Fish, B.E. Smith and Y.A. Sowb; 4 generations of maintenance resource management programs in the United States: an analysis of the past, present, and future, J.C. Taylor and M.S. Patankar; Crew resource management training for offshore oil production teams, P. O'Connor and R. Flin.