Crime Victims An Introduction to Victimology (with InfoTrac)

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ISBN: 9780534515447 | 0534515444
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 8/1/2000

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CRIME VICTIMS: AN INTRODUCTION TO VICTIMOLOGY is a innovative and comprehensive guide that offers balanced coverage on this controversial subject. A must-have for anyone interested in this field!

Foreword

Preface

xvii

The Rediscovery of Crime Victims and the Rise of Victimology

The Discovery, Decline, and Rediscovery of Crime Victims

(6)

The Discovery of Crime Victims

(1)

The Decline of Crime Victims

(2)

The Rediscovery of Crime Victims

(1)

Social Movements: Taking Up the Victims' Cause

(3)

The News Media: Portraying the Victim's Plight

(1)

Businesses: Selling Products and Services to Victims

(1)

The Rise of Victimology

(15)

The Emergence of a New Focus

(2)

Highlights in the Brief History of Victimology and Victim Assistance

(2)

The Need for Objectivity

(8)

Victimology Compared to Criminology

(3)

What Victimologists Do

(3)

Identify, Define, and Describe the Problem

(1)

Measure the True Dimensions of the Problem

(1)

Investigate How Victims Are Handled

(1)

Gather Evidence to Test Hypotheses

(1)

Victimology Contributes to the Process of Rediscovering Victims

(12)

The Kinds of Studies Victimologisists Undertake

(1)

Stage 1: Calling Attention to an Overlooked Problem

(2)

Stage 2: Winning Victories, Implementing Reforms

(1)

Stage 3: Emergence of an Opposition and Development of Resistance to Further Changes

(1)

Stage 4: Research and Temporary Resolution of the Dispute

(1)

The Continuing Process of Rediscovery

(2)

Groups of Victims That Have Been Recently Rediscovered

(4)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Discussion Questions

(3)

Digging Up the Facts About Crime Victims

Crime in the Streets: The Big Picture

(15)

The Use and Abuse of Statistics

(4)

A Closer Look at the Two Official Sources of Victimization Data

(1)

The Uniform Crime Report

(2)

The National Crime Victimization Survey

(3)

Comparing the UCR and the NCVS

(1)

Using Data to Bring the Big Picture Into Focus

(4)

Searching for Crime Waves: Detecting Victimization Trends

(7)

Changes Over Time in Violent Crime Rates

(4)

Checking Out Whether More Robberies Are Turning into Murders

(2)

``Your Money or Your Life''

(1)

Using the UCR to Analyze Murders

(2)

Murderers and Their Victims

(2)

Using the NCVS to Analyze Robberies

(5)

Robbers and Their Victims

(2)

Findings From the NCVS That Shed Light on Robberies

(3)

Making International Comparisons

(2)

Comparing the Murder Rates in Different Societies

(1)

Assessing Comparative Risks

(3)

Putting Crime Into Perspective

(3)

Uncovering Victimization Patterns

(5)

Recognizing Differential Risks

(1)

Differential Risks of Being Murdered

(2)

Differential Risks of Being Robbed

(2)

Projecting Cumulative Risks

(2)

Estimating Lifetime Likelihoods

(2)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Discussion Questions

(3)

The Victims' Contribution to the Crime Problem

The Search for Risk Factors

(11)

The Determinants of Differential Risks

(5)

Reducing Risks: How Safe Is Safe Enough?

(1)

From Crime Prevention to Victimization Prevention

(2)

Ambivalence About Risk Taking

(1)

Deterrence Theory As Applied to Victims

(1)

The Controversy Over Shared Responsibility

(39)

Expressions of Support for Inquiries Into the Victim's Role

(2)

Victim Facilitation, Precipitation, and Provocation

101

(1)

Victim Facilitation

101

(3)

Victim Precipitation and Provocation

104

(2)

The Frequency of Shared Responsibility in Violent Crimes

106

(1)

Recognizing Complete Innocence and Full Responsibility

107

(1)

Typologies of Shared Responsibility

107

(1)

A Typology of Auto Theft Victims

108

(2)

Victim Blaming Versus Victim Defending

110

(3)

Victim Facilitation and Auto Theft: Is It the Careless Who Wind Up Carless?

113

(1)

Criticisms of the Notion of Shared Responsibility

114

(3)

Blaming the Victim for Facilitating the Crime

117

(1)

Examples of ``Motorist Blaming''

118

(1)

Victim Precipitation and Rape: Was It Somehow Her Fault?

119

(3)

Victim-Blaming Views

122

(2)

Victim-Defending Perspectives

124

(1)

Victim Provocation and Murder: When Is the Slaying of a Wife Beater Justified?

125

(2)

Arguments Stressing That the Brutal Men Did Not Deserve to Die

127

(2)

Arguments Emphasizing That the Brutal Men Provoked the Lethal Responses

129

(3)

Transcending Victim Blaming and Victim Defending

132

(2)

The Legal Importance of Determining Responsibility

134

(1)

Prof Calls for Crackdown on Crime Victims

135

(2)

Chapter Summary

137

(1)

Discussion Questions

138

(2)

Victims and the Criminal Justice System: Cooperation and Conflict

Victims Versus the Criminal Justice System

140

(2)

Criticisms of the Way the Criminal Justice System Handles Victims

141

(1)

What Do Victims Want: Punishment? Treatment? or Restitution?

142

(6)

The System's Shortcomings From a Victim's Point of View

143

(5)

Victims and the Police

148

(13)

Reporting Incidents

148

(3)

Responding Quickly

151

(1)

Investigating Complaints

152

(2)

Judging Complaints to Be Unfounded

154

(2)

Arresting Suspects

156

(4)

Recovering Stolen Property

160

(1)

Victims and Prosecutors

161

(10)

Assisting Victims and Other Witnesses for the State

162

(2)

Protecting Victims Serving as Witnesses for the Prosecution

164

(3)

Dismissing Charges and Rejecting Cases

167

(2)

Negotiating Pleas

169

(2)

Victims and Defense Attorneys

171

(3)

Postponing Hearings

171

(1)

Cross-examining Witnesses During Trials

172

(2)

Victims and Judges

174

(6)

Granting Bail

174

(1)

Sentencing Offenders

175

(3)

Appealing to the Supreme Court

178

(1)

Supreme Court Decisions Directly Affecting Victims

179

(1)

Victims and Corrections Officials

180

(3)

Contacting Parole Boards

181

(2)

And Justice for All

183

(3)

Recognizing ``Second-class'' Treatment

183

(2)

Which Victims Get Better Treatment?

185

(1)

Chapter Summary

186

(1)

Discussion Questions

186

(3)

Special Kinds of Victims: Problems and Solutions

Missing Children

189

(9)

Estimates of the Incidence and the Seriousness of the Problem

190

(1)

Highlights of the Rediscovery of the Missing Children Problem

191

(3)

How Often Are Children Kidnapped, and What Happens to Them?

194

(1)

Hunting for Children Who Have Vanished

194

(3)

Victimization Prevention Measures

197

(1)

Physically and Sexually Abused Children

198

(20)

The Rediscovery of Child Abuse

198

(3)

Estimates of the Incidence, Prevalnce, and Seriousness of Child Abuse

201

(4)

More Controversies Surrounding Childhood Sexual Abuse

205

(1)

Accusations Made During Divorce Proceedings and Custody Battles

205

(1)

The Furor Over Recalling Repressed Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse

206

(4)

Strange Allegations of Ritualistic Abuse by Satanic Cults

210

(1)

Abused Children and Legal Proceedings

211

(1)

Taking the Best Interests of the Child Into Account

212

(1)

Handling Charges of Abuse

212

(1)

Children as Witnesses

213

(4)

Proactive Versus Reactive Strategies

217

(1)

More Casualties of Domestic Violence

218

(3)

Abuse of Adolescents by Parents

218

(1)

Abuse of Parents by Adolescents

219

(1)

Sibling Abuse

219

(1)

Elder Abuse

219

(2)

Violence Between Intimates

221

(18)

The Rediscovery of Wife Beating

221

(3)

Estimates of the Incidence, Prevalence, and Seriousness of Spouse Abuse

224

(5)

Aiding Victims Who Feel Trapped

229

(2)

Battered Women and the Criminal Justice System: Violence Is Violence, or Is It?

231

(2)

The Police Response

233

(1)

The Prosecutorial Response

234

(1)

The Judicial Response

235

(1)

Preventing Battering

236

(1)

The Rediscovery of Other Victims of Beatings

237

(1)

Battering Within Same-Sex Relationships

237

(1)

The Controversy Surrounding Battered Husbands

238

(1)

Victims of Sexual Assault

239

(26)

The Rediscovery of the Plight of Rape Victims

239

(1)

``Real Rapes'' and ``Date Rapes''

240

(2)

The Consequences of Being Sexually Assaulted

242

(1)

Estimates of the Incidence, Prevalence, and Seriousness of Rape

243

(5)

The Controversy Over Date Rape on College Campuses

248

(2)

How the Criminal Justice System Handles Rape Victims

250

(1)

The Controversy Over Unfounded Accusations

251

(3)

The Accuser Versus the Accused

254

(1)

Rape Shield Laws

255

(1)

Force and Resistance

256

(1)

Corroboration

257

(1)

Arrest, Prosecution, and Adjudication

258

(1)

Crisis Centers: Providing Emergency Assistance

259

(1)

Unwanted Publicity and Negative Media Portrayals

260

(2)

Reducing the Threat of Rape

262

(1)

The Rediscovery of More Rape Victims

263

(1)

Wives Raped by Their Husbands

263

(1)

Sexually Assaulted Males

263

(2)

Chapter Summary

265

(1)

Discussion Questions

265

(3)

Repaying Victims

Gaining Restitution From Offenders

268

(13)

Back to Basics

268

(1)

The Rise, Fall, and Revival of Restitution

269

(4)

Divergent Goals, Clashing Philosophies

273

(1)

Restitution as a Means of Repaying Victims

273

(1)

Restitution as a Means of Rehabilitating Offenders

274

(1)

Restitution as a Means of Reconciling Offenders and Their Victims

274

(1)

Restitution as a Means of Punishing Offenders

275

(1)

Opportunities Versus Obstacles

275

(5)

Evaluating Restitution Programs

280

(1)

Winning Judgments in Civil Court

281

(9)

The Revival of Interest in Civil Lawsuits

281

(1)

The Litigation Process

282

(1)

Possibilities and Pitfalls

283

(3)

Collecting Damages From Third Parties

286

(1)

Suing Private Enterprises

287

(1)

Suing Government Bodies

288

(2)

Collecting Insurance Reimbursements

290

(2)

Private Crime Insurance

290

(1)

Patterns of Loss, Recovery, and Reimbursement

291

(1)

Federal Crime Insurance

291

(1)

Recovering Losses by Turning to Compensation Programs

292

(11)

Reimbursement From Government Funds

292

(1)

The History of Victim Compensation by Governments

293

(1)

The Debate Over Compensation in the United States

294

(3)

How Programs Operate: Similarities and Differences

297

(2)

Monitoring and Evaluating Compensation Programs

299

(1)

Uncovering How Programs Work

299

(2)

Measuring the Effects of Programs

301

(2)

Confiscating Profits From Notorious Criminals

303

(1)

Chapter Summary

304

(1)

Discussion Questions

305

(3)

Victims in the 21st Century: Alternative Directions

Toward Greater Formal Legal Rights Within the Criminal Justice System

308

(11)

Rights Gained at the Expense of Offenders

311

(2)

Rights Gained at the Expense of the System

313

(1)

Rights Gained at the Expense of Either Offenders or the System or Both

313

(6)

Toward Restorative Justice

319

(11)

Peacemaking

319

(5)

How Reconciliation Programs Work

324

(2)

Evaluating Efforts at Reconciliation

326

(1)

Pros and Cons From the Victim's Point of View

327

(3)

Toward Retaliatory Justice

330

(14)

Vigilantism's Frontier Origins

331

(2)

Vigilantism Versus Legitimate Use of Force in Self-defense

333

(1)

Would Potential Victims Be Better Off If They Were Armed?

334

(4)

The Drift Back Toward Retaliatory Violence

338

(6)

Chapter Summary

344

(1)

Discussion Questions

345

(2)

References

347

(42)

Appendix

389

(4)

Name Index

393

(8)

Subject Index

401

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Crime Victims An Introduction to Victimology (with InfoTrac)

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials