Criminal Justice: Interactive Guide

, by Albanese, Jay S.

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ISBN: 9780205297047 | 0205297048
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/1/1999

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Supplemental Materials

Preface

Organization of the Book

xvi

Features of the Book

xvii

Supplemental Materials

xviii

Acknowledgments

About the Author

xxiii

Concern about Crime and Violence

(20)

Concern about Crime in the United States

(4)

Crime Victimization versus Other Life Events

(2)

Effects of Fear of Crime

(4)

Psychological Impact

(1)

Behavioral Effects

(4)

Is Crime Normal?

(1)

The Criminal Justice Response

(9)

Education and Professionalism

Contemporary Issues

Criminology versus Criminal Justice

(8)

Future Issues

Crib Death or Infanticide?

Media and Criminal Justice

Falling Down

(5)

Critical Thinking Exercise

The Causes of Fear

(1)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Real Versus Apparent Hate Crimes in a Time of Fear

(5)

The Nature of Crime

(24)

Aspects of Crime

(7)

Thinking versus Acting

(1)

The Political Nature of Crime

(2)

Crime as Social History

(1)

Mala in Se versus Mala Prohibita

(2)

Criminal Harm

(1)

Distinguishing Offensive from Criminal Behavior

(15)

Alcohol Consumption

(2)

Commercialized Sex

(3)

Gambling

(2)

Drug Use

Contemporary Issues

Obscenity: Sex or Violence?

(5)

Future Issues

Why We Buy Guns

Media and Criminal Justice

The People us. Larry Flynt

(6)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Drug Use Forecasting

(1)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Binge Drinking

(5)

Measuring Crime

(32)

Trends in Crime Rates

(12)

What the Police Say

(4)

What Victims Say

(2)

Reconciling the Differences

(3)

What Offenders say

(1)

Crimes against Households

(1)

Violent Crimes

(3)

Homicide

(2)

Sexual Assault

(1)

Assault

(1)

Robbery

(1)

Property Crimes

(2)

Burglary

(1)

Larceny

(1)

Arson

(1)

Characteristies of Offenders and Victims

(4)

Age

(1)

Gender

(1)

Race and Ethnicity

(2)

Other Types of Crime

(8)

White Collar Crime

(1)

Computer Crime

(1)

Organized Crime

(1)

Serial Murder

(1)

Hate Crimes

(1)

Terrorism

Contemporary Issues

Drug-Abusing Women Offenders

(21)

Future Issues

Can We Predict How Violent the Future Will Be?

Media and Criminal Justice

New Jersey Drive

(5)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Homicide and State of Mind

(1)

Critical Thinking Exercise

The Elements of Crimes

(4)

Explanations of Crime

(28)

Classical Explanations of Crime

(1)

Positivist Explanations of Crime

(8)

Biological Determinism

(2)

Psychological Explanations

(2)

Sociological Explanations

(3)

Strength of the Social Bond

(1)

Structural Explanations of Crime

(2)

The Ethical Explanation of Crime

(1)

Correlates of Crime

(14)

Guns

(3)

Drugs and Alcohol

Contemporary Issues

Explaining Serial Murders

(11)

Future Issues

Television Crime Dramas and the Causes of Homicide

Media and Criminal Justice

Boyz N' the Hood

(9)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Explaining an Attempted Assassination

(1)

Critical Thinking Exercise

A Case Study of Delinquency

(7)

Criminal Law

106

(26)

The Nature of Criminal Law

108

(3)

Sources of Criminal Law

108

(2)

Limits of Criminal Law

110

(1)

The Nature of Crime

111

(5)

Characteristics of Criminal Acts

112

(2)

The State of Mind Requirement

114

(1)

The Causation Requirement

115

(1)

Defenses to Criminal Charges

116

(16)

Defenses Related to Mental Illness

116

(3)

Defenses Involving Force

119

(2)

Defenses Involving Justification or Excuse

121

Contemporary Issues

Setting a Trap for Pornography

113

(4)

Future Issues

Maternal Infanticide

117

(7)

Media and Criminal Justice

The Advocate

124

(2)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Banning Pit Bulls

126

(1)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Hinckley, Kaczynski, and Legal Insanity

127

(5)

The Criminal Justice System

132

(26)

Origins of the Criminal Justice System

134

(4)

Justice in the Colonial Period

135

(1)

The Evolution of Due Process

136

(2)

The Agencies of Criminal Justice

138

(3)

Law Enforcement

138

(1)

Courts

139

(1)

Corrections

140

(1)

Criminal Procedure

141

(10)

Law, Investigation, Arrest

141

(2)

Initial Appearance and Preliminary Hearing

143

(1)

Grand Jury, Indictment, Arraignment

144

(3)

Trial, Conviction, Sentencing

147

(2)

Appeals

149

(2)

The Cost of Justice

151

(7)

Contemporary Issues

Unauthorized Access to Criminal History Records

137

(8)

Future Issues

Blame and Believability in Rape Cases

145

(5)

Media and Criminal Justice

Criminal Justice

150

(2)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Justice on the Carolina Frontier (1764)

152

(1)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Prior Record of Defendants and Juror Prejudice

153

(5)

Origins and Organization of Law Enforcement

158

(26)

Community Protection before Police

160

(4)

The Watch and Ward System

160

(2)

The Invention of Gin

162

(2)

Police in the United States

164

(7)

The Progressive Era

165

(1)

Police Professionalism

166

(1)

Reliance on Technology

167

(2)

The Dilemma of Policing

169

(1)

Back to Community Policing

169

(2)

The Organization of Law Enforcement

171

(13)

Local Police

171

(1)

State Police

172

(1)

Federal Law Enforcement Agencies

173

(2)

The Movement toward Private Policing

175

(2)

Contemporary Issues

Campus Law Enforcement

177

Future Issues

Preventing Subway Crime

172

Media and Criminal Justice

The Untouchables

162

(16)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Dogs and Horses in Law Enforcement

178

(1)

Critical Thinking Exercise

The Cyclical Nature of Community Policing

179

(5)

Police Discretion and Behavior

184

(34)

The Outer Limits of Law Enforcement

186

(5)

The Call for Reform

188

(2)

Formulating an Arrest Policy

190

(1)

Styles of Policing

190

(1)

The Police Personality

191

(9)

Studies of Police Cynicism

191

(3)

The Working Personality

194

(2)

Sources of Police Attitudes

196

(1)

Education and Attitudes

197

(1)

Attitudes and Performance

197

(3)

When Police Make Bad Decisions

200

(5)

Forms of Police Corruption

201

(1)

Explanations of Corruption

201

(4)

Preventing Corruption

205

(1)

Police Performance

205

(13)

Responding to Crime

206

(1)

Noncriminal Matters

207

Contemporary Issues

The Performance of Policewomen

198

(2)

Future Issues

Pursuit Driving

200

(3)

Media and Criminal Justice

Rush

203

(5)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Responding to Spousal Abuse

208

(2)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Changing the Police Culture in 1913

210

(8)

Police and the Rule of Law

218

(42)

Procedural Law

220

(1)

The Fourth Amendment

220

(18)

Frisks versus Searches

221

(5)

The Exclusionary Rule: Mapp V. Ohio

226

(1)

Searches with Warrants

227

(3)

Searches without Warrants

230

(8)

The Fifth Amendment

238

(8)

The Miranda Warning

239

(3)

The Erosion of Miranda

242

(4)

Use of Deadly Force

246

(4)

Legal Justification

246

(1)

Victims of Police Shootings

247

(2)

Contemporary Deadly Force Laws

249

(1)

Police Brutality

250

(10)

Contemporary Issues

Does the Exclusionary Rule Handcuff the Police?

228

(17)

Future Issues

An Appropriate Remedy for Police Misconduct?

245

Media and Criminal Justice

The Star Chamber

239

(13)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Civil Suits against Police

252

(1)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Unannounced Entry

253

(7)

The Origins and Organization of Courts

260

(28)

The History of Criminal Courts

262

(2)

The Organization of Contemporary Courts

264

(6)

State Court Systems

265

(1)

The Federal Court System

266

(3)

Court Administration

269

(1)

Participants in the Judicial Process

270

(7)

Prosecutors

270

(1)

Defense Counsel

271

(1)

Judges

272

(3)

Victims and Witnesses

275

(2)

The Future of the Court System

277

(11)

Contemporary Issues

Dispute Resolution outside the Courtroom

273

(2)

Future Issues

Preventing Child Sexual Abuse

275

(3)

Media and Criminal Justice

The Thin Blue Line

278

(4)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Frivolity in the Courts

282

(1)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Limiting Criminal Appeals

283

(5)

Prosecution, Plea, and Trials

288

(26)

The Prosecutor's Role

290

(7)

Prosecutorial Discretion

290

(1)

Selection of Prosecutors

291

(5)

Diversion of Cases

296

(1)

Plea-Bargaining

297

(6)

The History of Plea-Bargaining

298

(1)

Plea-Bargaining Today

298

(3)

Should Plea-Bargaining Be Abolished?

301

(1)

Alternatives to Plea-Bargaining

302

(1)

What Happens at Trial?

303

(11)

Contemporary Issues

Selective Prosecution of High-Rate Offenders

294

(2)

Future Issues

Prosecuting False Statements

296

(9)

Media and Criminal Justice

Indictment: The McMartin Trial

305

(3)

Critical Thinking Exercise

An Angel on Her Shoulder at the O. J. Simpson Case

308

(1)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Spouse Murders

309

(5)

Criminal Defense

314

(24)

The Sixth Amendment

316

(6)

The Scope of the Right to Counsel

316

(3)

Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

319

(3)

The Nature of Criminal Defense

322

(6)

The Practice of Criminal Law

322

(1)

The Cost and Quality of Defense Lawyers

322

(4)

Common Defenses in Criminal Cases

326

(2)

Issues for the Future

328

(10)

Adjudicating the Offender or the Act?

328

(2)

Crime Control or Due Process?

330

Contemporary Issues

Getting a Fair Trial in Cases Involving Violence

329

(2)

Future Issues

School Violence by Children

331

Media and Criminal Justice

Primal Fear

317

(4)

Media and Criminal Justice

River's Edge

321

(11)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Should a lawyer Defend a Guilty Person?

332

(1)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Should the Right to Counsel Be Expanded?

333

(5)

Sentencing: Philosophy and Practice

338

(34)

Purposes of Sentencing

340

(5)

How Do Judges Decide on a Sentence?

341

(2)

Sentencing Choices

343

(1)

The Presentence Report

344

(1)

The Role of Victims

345

(1)

Variations in Sentencing Systems

345

(7)

Indeterminate Sentencing

346

(1)

Determinate Sentencing

347

(2)

Mandatory Sentencing

349

(1)

Sentencing Guidelines

350

(2)

Efforts to Reform Sentencing Systems

352

(1)

The Eighth Amendment and Capital Punishment

352

(20)

The Legal Status of the Death Penalty

354

(4)

The Death Penalty Debate

358

Contemporary Issues

Victim's Race and Death Penalty Decisions

353

Future Issues

The Two Sides of Truth-in-Sentencing

348

(9)

Media and Criminal Justice

Dead Man Walking

357

(6)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Is Life Imprisonment a More Severe Punishment than the Death Penalty?

363

(1)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Is Castration a Reasonable Punishment for Sex Offenders?

364

(8)

Prisons

372

(32)

Correctional Institutions in the United States

374

(10)

Types of Prisons

376

(2)

Who Is in Prison?

378

(3)

The Operation of Prisons: Custody or Reform?

381

(3)

Jails

384

(1)

Inmate Life

385

(19)

Drug Use and Treatment

386

(2)

Women in Prison

388

(1)

AIDS in Prison

389

(1)

Prisoners Rights

390

(2)

Work in Prison

392

(1)

Violations of Prison Rules

393

(2)

Prison Gangs

395

(1)

Prison Violence

395

Contemporary Issues

Private Prisons and Liability

379

Future Issues

Supermax Prisons

377

(17)

Media and Criminal Justice

American Me

394

(3)

Critical Thinking Exercise

A Case of HIV Discrimination?

397

(1)

Critical Thinking Exercise

The Elderly Inmate

398

(6)

Corrections in the Community

404

(46)

Sanctions in Lieu of Incarceration

406

(10)

Monetary Penalties

407

(2)

Probation

409

(3)

Intensive Supervision

412

(2)

Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring

414

(2)

After Prison

416

(7)

Parole

416

(3)

Work Release and Furloughs

419

(1)

Halfway Houses

420

(2)

Pardons

422

(1)

Legal Issues

423

(1)

Alternative Sentences

424

(1)

Restorative Justice

425

(2)

Restitution to the Victim

425

(1)

Mediation

426

(1)

Repairing Harm to the Victim

426

(1)

Authentic Justice

427

(12)

Shock Incarceration

428

(3)

Corporal Punishment

431

(2)

Public Humiliation

433

(2)

Forced Birth Control

435

(1)

Depo-Provera for Sex Offenders

436

(1)

Forfeiture of Assets

437

(1)

Offender Fees

438

(1)

Changing the Physical Environment

439

(11)

Contemporary Issues

The Return of Chain Gangs

413

(3)

Future Issues

The Spiderman Solution and A Clockwork Orange

416

Media and Criminal Justice

Scared Straight!

408

(27)

Media and Criminal Justice

A Clockwork Orange

435

(4)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Registering Former Sex Offenders

439

(2)

Critical Thinking Exercise

House Arrest in a Nice House?

441

(9)

International Criminal Justice

450

(28)

The Risk of Crime around the World

452

(5)

Incidence of Major Crimes

453

(1)

Victimization

454

(3)

International Crimes

457

(7)

Importing Stolen Vehicles

457

(1)

Drug Smuggling

458

(1)

Illegal Immigration

459

(1)

Terrorism and Hate Crimes

460

(4)

Transnational Law Enforcement

464

(14)

Interpol

464

(2)

International Justice

466

(1)

International Corrections

467

(3)

Legal and Ethical Problems

470

Contemporary Issues

Who Goes to Prison?: Comparing England and the United States

456

(6)

Future Issues

Penalty Enhancement for Hate Crimes?

462

(3)

Media and Criminal Justice

Citizen X

465

(6)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Political Asylum in Genital Mutilation Cases?

471

(1)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Judicial Attitudes and Sentencing Outcomes in Germany

472

(6)

Dealing with Sophisticated Crimes

478

(28)

Conspiracy

481

(2)

White Collar Crime

483

(4)

White Collar Thefts

484

(1)

Offenses against Public Administration

485

(1)

Regulatory Offenses

486

(1)

Computer Crime

487

(5)

Crimes in Which Computers Are the Instrument

489

(2)

Crimes in Which Computers Are the Object

491

(1)

Organized Crime

492

(14)

A Typology of Organized Crime

494

(2)

Organized Crime and Ethnicity

496

(2)

The Extent of Organized Crime

498

Contemporary Issues

Avoiding Cybertheft

488

(6)

Future Issues

Organized Crime and the Shadow Economy

494

Media and Criminal Justice

Seten

483

(16)

Critical Thinking Exercise

An Antidrug Sales Tax?

499

(1)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Is the Internet an Avenue for Terrorists?

500

(6)

Juvenile Justice

506

(39)

Juvenile Justice versus Criminal Justice

508

(2)

The Nature and Extent of Delinquency

510

(8)

Arrest Figures

512

(3)

Self-Reports

515

(1)

Victimization Surveys

516

(2)

Foundations of Juvenile Justice

518

(2)

Objections to Parens Patriae

518

(1)

Modifications of the Juvenile Justice System

519

(1)

The Law and Procedure of Juvenile Justice

520

(1)

Lawyers and Self-Incrimination

521

(11)

The Burden of Proof

524

(2)

Juries in Juvenile Court

526

(1)

Double Jeopardy

527

(1)

Preventive Detention

527

(2)

Searches and the Fourth Amendment

529

(2)

Punishment and the Eighth Amendment

531

(1)

Juveniles in the System: Police, Courts, Corrections

532

(4)

Police Disposition of Juveniles Taken into Custody

532

(1)

Juvenile Court Outcomes

533

(2)

Juvenile Dispositions

535

(1)

Trends in Legislation

536

(1)

The Outlook for Juvenile Justice

536

(9)

Contemporary Issues

A Rebirth of Youth Gangs?

510

(7)

Future Issues

Adolescent Motherhood and Criminal Outcomes

517

(8)

Media and Criminal Justice

Bad Boys

525

(12)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Abolish the Age of Majority?

537

(1)

Critical Thinking Exercise

Juries for Juveniles?

538

(7)

Appendix I The Constitution of the United States of America

545

(16)

Appendix II Career Opportunities in Criminal Justice

561

(4)

Glossary

565

(8)

Index

573

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Criminal Justice: Interactive Guide

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials