Criminal Law

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ISBN: 9781587787201 | 1587787202
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/7/2004

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Bonnie, Couglin, Jeffries and Low's Criminal Law positions the authors' authoritative grasp of the subject against a background of cultural and political debate. As a result the text deals with some of profound questions that are integral to the study of criminal law in a changing society: current controversies in the law of rape and sexual assault, the Bernard Goetz case and the use of deadly force in self-defense, the insanity defense, capital punishment. One volume.

Preface

iii

Table of Cases

xxix

Introduction. Why and What We Punish

(1)

Introductory Note

(1)

The Purposes of Punishment

(31)

Introductory Note on the Purposes of Punishment

(1)

Testing Cases

(1)

Donte Phillips

(1)

Gregory Gaito

(1)

Michael and Alex Smith

(1)

Imani and Jasmine Lawrey

(1)

Devon and Dustin Ducker

(1)

Frances Kelly

(1)

Jonathan Perry Courtney

(1)

Notes on Retribution

(1)

Introduction

(2)

Retribution and the Blameworthy Actor

(3)

Retribution and Grading: Proportionality

(1)

Retribution as a Limiting Principle

(2)

Notes on General Deterrence

(1)

Introduction

(1)

The Concept

(1)

The Criminal as Rational Calculator

(2)

How Much Punishment Will Deter?

(3)

Measuring Deterrence

(1)

Deterrence and Blameworthiness

(2)

Notes on Individual Prevention

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Special Deterrence

(1)

Incapacitation

(5)

Rehabilitation

(4)

Criminalization

(26)

Introductory Note

(1)

Lawrence v. Texas

(12)

Notes on Criminalization

(1)

Questions and Comments on Lawrence v. Texas

(1)

John Stuart Mill

(4)

Stephen's Response

(1)

From the Wolfenden Report to the Model Penal Code to Lawrence

(1)

Paternalism in Health and Safety

(2)

Notes on the Effects of Criminalization

(1)

Introduction

(1)

Assessing Benefits

(1)

Assessing Costs

(1)

Deterrence of Socially Valuable Behavior

(1)

Enforcement Expenditures

(1)

Effects on the Individual

(1)

Effects on Privacy

(1)

Criminogenic Effects

(1)

Costs of Under-Enforcement

(1)

The Crime Tariff

(111)

The Criminal Act

(19)

The Conduct Requirement

(1)

Doe v. City of Lafayette

(8)

Notes on the Requirement of Conduct

(1)

The Requirement of Conduct

(1)

Jeffries and Stephan

(1)

Packer

(1)

Questions and Comments on the Conduct Requirement

(1)

Martin v. State

(1)

Notes on the Requirement of a Voluntary Act

(1)

The Requirement of a Voluntary Act

(2)

Forms of Impaired Consciousnes

(1)

Illustrative Case of Impaired Consciousness

(1)

Codification

(1)

Content and Function of the Voluntary Act Requirement

(1)

Involuntary Act in a Voluntary Course of Conduct: People v. Decina

(1)

Constitutionalizing Voluntariness?: Robinson and Powell

(1)

Relation to Other Doctrines

(1)

The Requirement That Offenses Be Previously Defined

(33)

Rex v. Manley

(2)

Notes on Manley and the Common Law

(1)

Introduction to the Common Law

(1)

Later English Cases

(2)

Questions and Comments on Judicial Crime Creation

(1)

Notes on the Principle of Legality

(1)

Introduction

(1)

European Origins

(1)

The American Experience: Encounter with the Common Law

(2)

Recent Experience

(1)

Growing Acceptance and Evolving Meaning

(3)

The Continuing Significance of the Common Law

(1)

Kolender v. Lawson

(7)

Notes on the Vagueness Doctrine

(1)

Rationales of the Vagueness Doctrine

(1)

Limits of the Vagueness Rationales

100

(1)

Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville

101

(1)

Tolerable Vagueness and the Demands of Necessity

102

(1)

Nash v. United States and Questions of Degree

103

(2)

Intolerable Vagueness and Protected Freedoms

105

(1)

Questions and Comments on Kolender v. Lawson

105

(1)

Optional Problem: Obscenity, a Case Study in Vagueness

106

(1)

The Obscenity Problem

106

(1)

The Roth-Memoirs Test

107

(1)

Redefining Obscenity: Miller v. California

108

(2)

The Brennan Dissent

110

(2)

Pornography as a Violation of Women's Rights

112

(1)

Omissions

113

(21)

Billingslea v. State

113

(8)

Notes on Omissions

121

(1)

The Necessity of a Duty to Act

121

(1)

Questions and Comments on Billingslea

122

(1)

Failure to Provide Sustenance

123

(1)

Regina v. Instan

123

(1)

Jones v. United States

123

(1)

Failure to Summon Medical Assistance for Drug Overdose

124

(1)

People v. Beardsley

124

(1)

People v. Oliver

125

(1)

A General Duty to Rescue?

126

(1)

Notes on the Omission of Life-Sustaining Treatment

127

(1)

Barber v. Superior Court

127

(2)

Report of the President's Commission

129

(2)

Differentiating Acts From Omissions

131

(1)

Legislative Solutions

132

(1)

Assisted Suicide

132

(2)

Note on Possession

134

(1)

Interpretation of Conduct Elements

134

(20)

Keeler v. Superior Court of Amador County

134

(10)

People v. Sobiek

144

(3)

Notes on Keeler and Sobiek

147

(1)

Questions on Keeler and Sobiek

147

(1)

Relation to Manley

147

(1)

Bouie: Background of a Constitutional Precedent

148

(2)

Notes on the Doctrine of Strict Construction

150

(1)

Origin of the Doctrine

150

(1)

The Legislative Response

151

(1)

McBoyle v. United States

152

(1)

Strict Construction of Federal Statutes: United States v. Bass

153

(1)

Optional Concluding Problem

154

(16)

Introductory Note

154

(1)

Rogers v. Tennessee

155

(15)

The Criminal Mind

170

(121)

The Foundations of Mens Rea

170

(56)

Historical Origins of Mens Rea

170

(1)

Introductory Notes on the Requirement of Mens Rea

170

(1)

The History

170

(1)

Morissette v. United States

171

(1)

The Implications of Prevention; Oliver Wendell Holmes

172

(3)

Questions and Comments

175

(1)

Regina v. Faulkner

176

(2)

Notes on the Evolution of Mens Rea

178

(1)

The Language of Mens Rea

178

(1)

Mens Rea and General Malevolence

179

(1)

Regina v. Cunningham

180

(2)

Faulkner and Cunningham Compared

182

(1)

Notes on Mistake of Fact and the Common Law

182

(1)

``Specific'' and ``General'' Intent

182

(1)

Specific Intent Crimes

183

(1)

General Intent Crimes

184

(1)

The Mistake of Fact Rules

184

(1)

Specific Intent Crimes; Green v. State

185

(1)

General Intent Crimes; State v. Walker

185

(2)

``Know'' as a Mens Rea Requirement

187

(1)

Further Illustration of Specific and General Intent Crimes; United States v. Oglivie

188

(1)

General Intent Elements of Specific Intent Crimes; United States v. Yermian

189

(1)

Strict Liability for Grading Elements

190

(1)

Strict Liability for Independent Moral Wrongs; Regina v. Prince

191

(2)

Questions and Comments

193

(1)

The Model Penal Code

194

(1)

Introductory Notes on the Model Penal Code

194

(1)

The Actus Reus

194

(1)

The Mens Rea

195

(3)

Notes on the Model Penal Code Culpability Structure

198

(1)

Minimum Requirements of Culpability

198

(1)

Strict Liability

198

(1)

Types of Culpability

198

(1)

``As the Law May Require''

198

(1)

Material Element

198

(1)

``Each'' Material Element

198

(1)

``Purpose''

199

(1)

``Knowledge''

199

(1)

``Recklessness''

200

(1)

``Negligence''

201

(1)

Hierarchy of Model Penal Code Culpability Terms

201

(1)

Offense Silent as to Mens Rea

202

(1)

Ambiguous Mens Rea Provisions

202

(1)

False Imprisonment

202

(2)

Reckless Burning

204

(1)

Escape

204

(1)

Hindering Prosecution

204

(2)

Mistake of Fact

206

(1)

Grading

207

(1)

Lesser Moral Wrong

208

(1)

Ignorance or Mistake of Law

208

(1)

State v. Fox

208

(4)

Notes on Ignorance or Mistake of Criminality

212

(1)

The Model Penal Code

212

(1)

Application of the Maxim

212

(1)

People v. Marrero

212

(1)

Hopkins v. State

213

(1)

State v. Striggles

213

(1)

Problems With the Maxim

214

(1)

Justifications for the Maxim

215

(3)

Proposals for Reform

218

(1)

Lambert v. California

218

(2)

Official Misstatement of Criminal Law

220

(1)

Cox v. Louisiana

221

(1)

Notes on Ignorance or Mistake of Non-Criminal Law

222

(1)

Introduction

222

(1)

The Common Law

222

(1)

General Intent Rule in Operation; Long v. State

223

(1)

The Model Penal Code

224

(1)

Categorization of Mistakes of Fact and Law

224

(1)

State v. Long Revisited

224

(1)

People v. Bray

225

(1)

Questions and Comments

226

(1)

Application of the Mens Rea Structure

226

(65)

Negligence

226

(1)

Director of Public Prosecutions v. Smith

227

(5)

Notes on the Meaning of Negligence in the Criminal Law

232

(1)

Background on the Law of Criminal Homicide

232

(1)

The Meaning of ``Negligence'' in the Criminal Law

233

(1)

Language and Content in Common Law Mens Rea

233

(1)

Oliver Wendell Holmes

234

(1)

Negligence as a Basis for Criminal Liability

235

(2)

Intoxication

237

(1)

Director of Public Prosecutions v. Majewski

237

(6)

Notes on Mens Rea and Intoxication

243

(1)

Introduction

243

(1)

General Intent Crimes

243

(1)

Specific Intent Crimes

244

(1)

Restrictive Positions

244

(2)

Lack of Capacity vs. Factual Relevance

246

(1)

Burden of Persuasion

247

(1)

Note on Mental Abnormality and Mens Rea

248

(1)

Establishing the Appropriate Mens Rea Standard

249

(1)

Morissette v. United States

249

(11)

Notes on Public Welfare Offenses

260

(1)

Introduction

260

(1)

United States v. Behrman

261

(1)

The Historical Context of Behrman

262

(2)

United States v. Balint

264

(1)

United States v. Dotterweich

265

(1)

Questions and Comments

266

(1)

United States v. Park

267

(2)

Questions and Comments on Park

269

(1)

Notes on Morissette

270

(1)

Background on the Law of Theft

270

(1)

Questions and Comments

271

(1)

States v. Freed

272

(3)

Notes on Establishing the Appropriate Mens Rea Standard

275

(1)

Staples v. United States

275

(3)

Questions and Comments on Freed

278

(1)

United States v. Yermian

278

(3)

Optional Concluding Problem

281

(1)

Note on the Constitutional Background

281

(1)

United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.

282

(9)

Attempt

291

(51)

Introductory Note on the Crime of Attempt

291

(1)

The Required Conduct

292

(18)

Introductory Notes on the Conduct Required for Attempt

292

(1)

The Act Requirement

292

(1)

Minimum Conduct and the Law of Attempt

292

(1)

People v. Bowen and Rouse

292

(5)

Notes on Preparation and Attempt

297

(1)

Proximity Tests

297

(2)

Res Ipsa Loquitur

299

(1)

The Model Penal Code

300

(1)

Testing Cases: United States v. Harper

301

(3)

Testing Case: State v. Mettetal

304

(2)

Notes on Minimum Conduct Requirements for Other Offenses

306

(1)

People v. Adami

306

(1)

Solicitation as an Independent Offense

307

(1)

Footnote on Conspiracy

308

(1)

Completed Offenses

308

(1)

Possession

309

(1)

Mens Rea

310

(12)

People v. Thomas

310

(5)

Notes on the Mens Rea of Attempt

315

(1)

The Traditional View: Thacker v. Commonwealth

315

(2)

The Model Penal Code

317

(1)

Rationale for Specific Intent Requirement

318

(1)

Circumstance Elements

319

(2)

Completed Conduct But No Result

321

(1)

Questions and Comments on Thomas

322

(1)

Impossibility

322

(14)

People v. Dlugash

322

(6)

Notes on Impossibility and Attempt

328

(1)

``Legal'' and ``Factual'' Impossibility

328

(1)

An Alternative Common-Law Approach

328

(1)

Policy

329

(2)

The Model Penal Code

331

(1)

The Importance of the Actus Reus

332

(2)

True Legal Impossibility

334

(1)

Completed Offenses: Bronston v. United States

334

(2)

Abandonment in Attempt and Other Offenses

336

(6)

Ross v. Mississippi

336

(3)

Notes on Abandonment in Attempt and Other Offenses

339

(1)

The Traditional Position on Abandonment

339

(1)

Comments and Questions on the Traditional Position

339

(1)

The Model Penal Code

340

(1)

Scope of the Defense

341

(1)

Sexual Offenses

342

(61)

Rape

342

(48)

Introductory Note

342

(1)

The Traditional Approach to Rape

343

(1)

Introductory Note

343

(2)

State v. Rusk

345

(9)

Notes on Resistance and the Elements of Rape

354

(1)

Questions and Comments on Rusk

354

(1)

Resistance at Common Law

354

(2)

Reform of the Resistance Requirement

356

(1)

The Current Status of the Resistance Requirement

356

(1)

A Feminist Critique of the Requirement of Force

357

(2)

Rape as the Woman's Excuse for Committing Fornication or Adultery

359

(1)

M.T.S

360

(2)

Grading

362

(1)

Notes on the Criminalization of Sex Obtained by Coercion or Fraud

363

(1)

Introduction

363

(1)

Psychological Coercion

364

(1)

Extortion

365

(1)

Is Sex a Thing of Value?

365

(1)

Nature of the Threat

366

(2)

Should Sexual Harassment Be a Form of Rape?

368

(1)

Sex by Fraud

369

(4)

Nonconsent and Mens Rea

373

(1)

State v. Smith

373

(4)

Notes on Nonconsent and Mens Rea

377

(1)

Availability of the Mistake of Fact Defense

377

(1)

Resolving the Facts

378

(2)

The Relationship Between Mens Rea and Actus Reus

380

(1)

Feminist Perspectives on the Mistake Defense

380

(2)

The Relevance of Prior Sexual Activity

382

(1)

Withdrawal of Consent

383

(2)

Competence to Consent and Intoxication

385

(2)

Note on Marital Rape

387

(3)

Statutory Rape

390

(13)

Introductory Note

390

(1)

Garnett v. State

390

(6)

Notes on Statutory Rape

396

(1)

Questions and Comments on Garnett

396

(1)

Statutory Rape Under the Model Code

397

(1)

Harm

398

(2)

Harm and Gender Differences

400

(1)

Extending Statutory Rape Laws

401

(2)

Justification and Excuse

403

(101)

Introductory Note on Justification and Excuse

403

(1)

Justification

404

(74)

The General Principle of Justification

404

(1)

Commonwealth v. Markum

404

(6)

Notes on the Defense of Necessity

410

(1)

Common-Law Necessity

410

(1)

Modern Statutory Formulations

411

(2)

Economic Necessity

413

(1)

Medical Necessity

413

(2)

Necessity as a Justification for Homicide: Dudley and Stephens

415

(3)

Necessity Created by Fault of the Actor

418

(1)

Defense Against Aggression

419

(1)

People v. Goetz

419

(6)

Notes on Deadly Force in Defense of Self and Property

425

(1)

Introduction

425

(1)

Self-Defense

426

(1)

Prevention of Dangerous Felonies

427

(1)

Prevention of Escape

427

(1)

Defense of Habitation

428

(1)

Notes on the Requirement of Retreat

429

(1)

The Retreat Rule

429

(2)

The Wisdom of Rules

431

(1)

The ``Castle'' Exception

431

(1)

Notes on the Effect of Mistake in Claims of Self-Defense

432

(1)

Introduction

432

(1)

Reasonable Mistake

433

(1)

Unreasonable Mistake

433

(1)

Mistake and the Model Penal Code

433

(1)

Excessive Use of Defensive Force

434

(1)

Notes on the Meaning of ``Reasonable'' Belief

435

(1)

Objective Reasonableness

435

(2)

Subjective Reasonableness

437

(1)

What Difference Does It Make?

438

(1)

State v. Kelly

439

(9)

Notes on Domestic Violence and the Law of Self-Defense

448

(1)

Questions and Comments on Kelly

448

(1)

Battered Woman Syndrome and Imminence

449

(3)

Feminist Perspectives on the Battered Woman Syndrome

452

(1)

Self-Defense by a Battered Child

453

(3)

Note on the Urban Survival Syndrome

456

(1)

People v. Young

457

(7)

People v. Young

464

(1)

Note on Defense of Others

465

(1)

Public Authority

465

(1)

Introductory Note on Public Authority

465

(1)

Problem Based on United States v. Ehrlichman

465

(4)

Notes on Mistakes by Public Officials Regarding Their own Authority

469

(1)

Ehrlichman and Ignorantia Juris

469

(1)

Special Rules for Official Mistakes of Law

470

(1)

The Debate on Official Mistake

470

(1)

Based on United States v. Barker

471

(6)

Notes on Citizen Reliance on Apparent Official Authority

477

(1)

Introduction

477

(1)

Compliance With Official Orders or Requests

477

(1)

Situational Excuse

478

(26)

Introductory Note on the Defense of Duress

478

(3)

United States v. Haney

481

(7)

Notes on Duress and Situational Excuse

488

(1)

Questions and Comments on Haney

488

(1)

Elements of Duress

489

(1)

Duress and Battered Woman Syndrome

490

(3)

Duress as a Defense to Murder

493

(2)

Contributory Actions by the Defendant

495

(2)

Brainwashing or Coercive Persuasion

497

(1)

A General Principle of Situational Compulsion?

498

(1)

Notes on the Defense of Entrapment

499

(1)

The Entrapment Defense

499

(1)

People v. Barraza

499

(1)

Approaches to the Defense

500

(2)

Questions on the Defense

502

(1)

Cox v. Louisiana

502

(2)

Criminal Responsibility

504

(176)

Introductory Note on Criminal Responsibility

504

(1)

Immaturity

505

(26)

Introductory Notes on the Infancy Defense and the Juvenile Court

505

(1)

The Common-Law Presumptions

505

(1)

Antecedents of the Juvenile Court

506

(1)

The Juvenile-Court Movement

507

(2)

Contemporary Reform of Juvenile Justice

509

(1)

The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, Task Force Report: Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Crime

509

(3)

Note on Contemporary Reform of Juvenile Justice

512

(1)

In re Tyvonne

512

(5)

Notes on Responsibility in Delinquency Proceedings

517

(1)

The Relevance of Statutory Purpose

517

(1)

In re Gladys R

517

(1)

Minimum Age for Delinquency Jurisdiction

518

(1)

Introductory Note on Transfer of Juveniles to Criminal Court

519

(3)

In re Dahl

522

(4)

Notes on In Re Dahl

526

(1)

Questions on In re Dahl

526

(1)

The Legislative Response

526

(1)

In re D.F.B.

527

(3)

Notes on In Re D.F.B.

530

(1)

Questions and Comments on In re D.F.B

530

(1)

The Legislative Response

531

(1)

Mental Abnormality

531

(99)

Introductory Notes on the Insanity Defense

531

(1)

Introduction

531

(2)

Early History

533

(2)

M'Naghten's Case

535

(2)

Other Common-Law Formulations

537

(1)

The Product Test

537

(1)

The Control Test

537

(1)

The Model Penal Code

538

(2)

The Hinckley Case

540

(1)

Current Law

540

(1)

The Insanity Defense and Major Mental Disorder

541

(9)

Notes on the Insanity Defense and Major Mental Disorder

550

(1)

Joy Baker's Credibility

550

(1)

The Existence of Mental Disease

551

(1)

Mental Disorder and Criminal Responsibility

552

(2)

Applying the M'Naghten Test to Joy Baker

554

(1)

Knowledge of the Act

554

(1)

Knowledge of Wrongfulness

554

(3)

The Value of Expert Testimony

557

(1)

The Meaning of ``Knowing

558

(2)

The Significance of Cognitive Impairment

560

(2)

Applying Control Tests to Psychotic Defendants

562

(1)

The Insanity Defense and the Control Inquiry

563

(1)

Introductory Note on Volitional Criteria of Responsibility

563

(2)

Barnes

565

(1)

Chester

566

(1)

Ellingwood

567

(2)

Murdock

569

(1)

Notes on the Control Inquiry

569

(1)

Questions on Barnes, Chester, Ellingwood, and Murdock

569

(1)

The Control Tests: Criticism and Defense

570

(4)

Responsibility and Unconscious Motivation

574

(3)

Notes on the Boundaries of Criminal Responsibility

577

(1)

The Significance of Mental Disease

577

(1)

Restrictive Definition

578

(1)

Intermediate Position

579

(1)

Abandonment of the Requirement

580

(1)

Questions on the Mental-Disease Requirement

580

(1)

Compulsive Gambling

580

(1)

Exculpatory Claims: United States v. Torniero

581

(4)

Mitigating Claims Under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines

585

(1)

Drug Dependence: United States v. Moore

586

(4)

The Insanity Defense and Intoxication

590

(1)

People v. Kelly

590

(5)

Notes on the Insanity Defense and Intoxication

595

(1)

Introduction

595

(1)

Non-Culpable Intoxication

595

(1)

Alcohol-Related Insanity

596

(2)

Insanity Related to Use of Other Drugs

598

(1)

Psychoactive Effects of Intoxication

598

(1)

Precipitation of a ``Functional'' Psychosis

599

(1)

Toxic Psychosis

600

(1)

Subsequent Developments in California

601

(1)

Pathological Intoxication: The Problem of Unanticipated Effects

601

(2)

Mental Abnormality and Mens Rea

603

(1)

Introductory Notes on the Meaning of Diminished Responsibility

603

(1)

Rule of Logical Relevance

603

(1)

Partial Responsibility

604

(1)

Regina v. Stephenson

605

(2)

Notes on Mental Abnormality and Mens Rea

607

(1)

The Rule of Relevance

607

(2)

The Case for Exclusion

609

(3)

People v. Wetmore

612

(3)

United States v. Bright

615

(2)

Notes on the Boundaries of Psychiatric Testimony on Mens Rea

617

(1)

Introduction

617

(1)

Lack of Capacity vs. Actual State of Mind

618

(1)

The Significance of Mental Disease

618

(1)

Proper Subjects for Expert Testimony

619

(1)

Note on Mens Rea Evidence Under Federal Law

620

(2)

Note on Bifurcation of Insanity and Mens Rea

622

(1)

Abolition of the Insanity Defense

623

(1)

Notes on Abolition of the Insanity Defense

623

(1)

Approaches to Abolition

623

(1)

The Sentencing Approach

623

(1)

The Mens-Rea Approach

624

(1)

Effect on Case Outcome

624

(1)

Dispositional Considerations

625

(1)

Sentencing the Mentally Disordered Offender

626

(1)

Disposition of Persons Lacking Mens Rea Due to Mental Disease

627

(1)

Blameworthiness Considerations

627

(3)

Disposition of Mentally Disordered Offenders

630

(50)

Introductory Notes on the Disposition of Mentally Disordered Offenders

630

(1)

Background

630

(1)

Commitment of Persons Incompetent to Stand Trial

631

(1)

Special Sentencing Provisions

631

(1)

Commitment of Persons Acquitted by Reason of Insanity

632

(1)

Dangerous Sex Offender Statutes

633

(1)

Disposition of Insanity Acquittees

633

(1)

Introductory Notes on Jones v. United States

633

(1)

Introduction

633

(1)

Automatic Commitment of Insanity Acquittees

634

(1)

Commitment and Proportionality

635

(1)

Foucha v. Louisiana

636

(12)

Notes on the Disposition of Persons Acquitted by Reason of Insanity

648

(1)

Questions and Comments on Foucha

648

(1)

Dangerousness

649

(1)

State v. Randall

649

(3)

Note on the Verdict of Guilty but Mentally Ill

652

(1)

Civil Commitment of Dangerous Sex Offenders

653

(1)

Introductory Note on Civil Commitment of Dangerous Sex Offenders

653

(2)

Kansas v. Hendricks

655

(17)

Kansas v. Crane

672

(6)

Notes on Hendricks and Crane

678

(1)

Legislative Purpose or Justification

678

(1)

Punishment

678

(1)

Treatment

678

(1)

Incapacitation

678

(1)

The Significance of Mental Disorder

678

(1)

The Relationship Between Mental Disorder and Dangerous Conduct

679

(1)

Volitional and Emotional Impairment

679

(1)

Liability for the Conduct of Another

680

(92)

Complicity

680

(29)

Introductory Notes on Parties to Crime

680

(1)

The Common Law

680

(1)

Abrogation of the Common Law

681

(1)

Accessories After the Fact

681

(1)

The Conduct Required for Complicity

682

(1)

Rex v. Russell

682

(3)

Notes on the Conduct Required for Complicity

685

(1)

Questions and Comments on Russell

685

(1)

Accomplice Liability

685

(1)

Independent Liability

686

(1)

State v. Walden

687

(1)

McGhee v. Virginia

687

(1)

State v. Tally

688

(1)

Describing the Proscribed Conduct: Modern Statutes and the Common Law

689

(1)

A Problem and an Analogy

690

(1)

The Culpability Required for Complicity

691

(1)

United States v. Peoni

691

(1)

Backun v. United States

692

(2)

Notes on the Culpability Required for Complicity

694

(1)

Knowledge vs. Stake in the Venture

694

(1)

Compromise Solutions and the Offense of Facilitation

695

(1)

Culpability Required for Results

696

(1)

Culpability Required for Circumstances

697

(1)

People v. Durham

697

(4)

Note on the Rule of Natural and Probable Consequences

701

(1)

Guilt of the Principal

701

(1)

Regina v. Cogan and Leak

701

(2)

Notes on Guilt of the Principal

703

(1)

Questions on Cogan and Leak

703

(1)

Dusenberry v. Commonwealth: A Contrary View

703

(2)

The Abandonment of Derivative Liability

705

(1)

Regina v. Richards and Degrees of Liability

705

(1)

The Model Code and Modern Statutes

706

(1)

Study Problems

707

(1)

Limits of Accomplice Liability

707

(1)

Regina v. Tyrrell

707

(1)

Notes on the Limits of Accomplice Liability

708

(1)

Implied Exemption

708

(1)

Withdrawal

709

(1)

Conspiracy

709

(38)

Introductory Notes on the Law of Conspiracy

709

(1)

Background

709

(1)

The Co-Conspirator's Exception to the Hearsay Rule

710

(1)

Joint Trial

711

(1)

Venue

711

(1)

Pervasive Issues

711

(1)

Conspiracy as an Inchoate Offense

712

(1)

People v. Burleson

712

(3)

Notes on Conspiracy as an Inchoate Offense

715

(1)

Introduction

715

(1)

The Necessity of Agreement

716

(1)

The Sufficiency of Agreement

716

(3)

Bilateral or Unilateral Agreement

719

(3)

Mens Rea

722

(1)

Conduct

723

(1)

Results

723

(1)

Circumstances

724

(1)

Impossibility

725

(1)

Renunciation and Withdrawal

726

(1)

Note on Conspiracy and Cumulative Punishment

726

(1)

The Relation of Conspiracy to Complicity

727

(1)

People v. Lauria

727

(6)

Note on Conspiracy and Complicity

733

(1)

Pinkerton v. United States

734

(3)

Notes on the Pinkerton Rule

737

(1)

The Scope of Liability for Conspiracy

737

(1)

Evaluating the Pinkerton Rule

738

(1)

State v. Stein

739

(2)

Scope and Duration of Conspiracy

741

(1)

Braverman v. United States

741

(2)

Notes on the Scope and Duration of Conspiracy

743

(1)

Scope of Conspiracy: The Object Dimension

743

(1)

Scope of Conspiracy: The Party Dimension

744

(1)

Scope of Conspiracy: Duration

745

(1)

Note on Limits on Liability for Conspiracy

746

(1)

RICO

747

(25)

United States v. Turkette

747

(7)

Notes on ``Enterprise'' and Conspiracy

754

(1)

The Statute

754

(3)

The RICO ``Enterprise''

757

(3)

RICO Conspiracy vs. Ordinary Conspiracy: United States v. Elliott

760

(4)

Questions and Comments

764

(1)

Notes on ``Pattern of Racketeering Activity''

764

(1)

The RICO ``Pattern of Racketeering Activity''

764

(1)

Sedima, S.P.R.L. v. Imrex Co., Inc.

765

(1)

H.J. Inc. v. Northwestern Bell Telephone Company

766

(1)

Justice Brennan's Opinion

766

(2)

Justice Scalia's Opinion

768

(2)

Questions and Comments

770

(2)

Homicide

772

(238)

Introductory Notes on the History of Criminal Homicide

772

(1)

The Early Law

772

(1)

The Distinction Between Murder and Manslaughter

773

(1)

Modern Developments

774

(1)

Plan of the Chapter

774

(1)

Murder

775

(25)

State v. Brown

775

(9)

Notes on First-Degree Murder

784

(1)

The ``Premeditation and Deliberation'' Formula

784

(1)

The Pennsylvania Construction

784

(2)

People v. Anderson

786

(2)

Questions and Comments on Brown

788

(1)

Modern Utility of the Formula

789

(1)

People v. Roe

790

(7)

Notes on Second-Degree Murder

797

(1)

Common Law Background

797

(1)

Commonwealth v. Malone

797

(1)

Questions and Comments

798

(1)

The Degree of Culpability Sufficient for Murder

798

(1)

Northington v. State

799

(1)

Manslaughter

800

(37)

Freddo v. State

800

(2)

Notes on the Mitigation of Murder to Manslaughter

802

(1)

The Provocation Formula

802

(2)

Rationale for the Provocation Formula

804

(1)

Defendant in Fact Provoked

804

(1)

Legally Adequate Provocation

805

(1)

The Objective Standard

805

(3)

Cooling Time

808

(3)

The Objective Standard

811

(2)

Boys' Rules

813

(2)

The Relevance of Mistake

815

(2)

The Relevance of Mental Abnormality

817

(1)

Provocation

817

(1)

``Imperfect'' Justification

817

(1)

Notes on ``Extreme Emotional Disturbance'' as a Mitigation of Murder to Manslaughter

818

(1)

The Model Penal Code Formulation

818

(2)

People v. Casassa

820

(4)

Diminished Responsibility in England

824

(1)

Diminished Responsibility Under the ``Extreme Emotional Disturbance'' Formulation

825

(1)

Burden of Persuasion

825

(1)

United States v. Robertson

825

(9)

Notes on Involuntary Manslaughter

834

(1)

The Degree of Culpability Sufficient for Involuntary Manslaughter

834

(1)

Commonwealth v. Sostilio

834

(1)

Commonwealth v. Agnew

835

(1)

The Degree of Culpability Sufficient for Manslaughter and Negligent Homicide Under the Model Code

836

(1)

Questions and Comments on Robertson

836

(1)

Causation

837

(18)

State v. Pelham

837

(13)

Notes on Causation

850

(1)

The Relevance of Causation

850

(1)

The Common-Law Approach to Causation

851

(1)

The Model Code Approach

852

(1)

Problems With the Model Code

853

(1)

Concurrent Causes

853

(1)

Transferred Intent

854

(1)

Questions and Comments on Pelham

854

(1)

Felony Murder

855

(41)

Introductory Notes on Felony Murder

855

(1)

The Rule and its Traditional Limitations

855

(1)

Rationale for the Rule

856

(2)

Judicial Rejection of the Rule: People v. Aaron

858

(2)

The Model Penal Code and Modern Statutes

860

(1)

People v. Hansen

861

(12)

Notes on Felony Murder

873

(1)

Questions and Comments on Hansen

873

(1)

Determination of Inherent Dangerousness

873

(1)

Merger

874

(1)

Distribution of Controlled Substances

875

(1)

Heacock v. Commonwealth

876

(1)

Sheriff, Clark County v. Morris

877

(1)

State v. Randolph

877

(1)

Attempted Felony Murder

877

(1)

State v. Sophophone

878

(7)

Further Notes on Felony Murder

885

(1)

Homicide Committed by a Non-Participant

885

(1)

People v. Washington

886

(2)

Relation to Principles of Causation

888

(1)

Application of Felony-Murder Rule

888

(1)

Independent Prosecution for Murder

888

(1)

Relation to Principles of Accessorial Liability

888

(1)

Application of Felony-Murder Rule

889

(1)

Independent Prosecution for Murder

889

(1)

People v. Antick

889

(3)

Questions and Comments on Antick

892

(1)

Duration of the Felony

893

(1)

Modern Statutes

893

(1)

Note on Misdemeanor Manslaughter

894

(2)

Capital Homicide

896

(114)

Introductory Note on Use of the Death Penalty

896

(1)

Introductory Note on the Efficacy and Morality of the Death Penalty

897

(5)

The Supreme Court and Capital Punishment

902

(1)

Introductory Notes on the Supreme Court and Capital Punishment

902

(1)

Background

902

(1)

McGautha v. California

903

(1)

Furman v. Georgia

903

(1)

Brennan and Marshall

903

(1)

Douglas, Stewart, and White

904

(1)

The Dissenters

904

(1)

The Aftermath of Furman

905

(1)

The 1976 Decisions

905

(4)

Lockett, Eddings, and Penry

909

(2)

Zant v. Stephens

911

(2)

Godfrey v. Georgia

913

(11)

Notes on Godfrey

924

(1)

The Constitutional Defect in Godfrey's Death Sentence

924

(1)

The Proper Role of the Supreme Court

925

(1)

Subsequent History

925

(1)

The Structure of Modern Capital Sentencing Statutes: An Overview

926

(1)

Criteria of Inclusion

926

(1)

Criteria of Exclusion

926

(1)

Criteria of Mitigation and Selection

927

(1)

Comparative Review

927

(1)

Administration of Modern Capital Sentencing Statutes

928

(1)

State v. Moose

928

(7)

Notes on Substantive Predicates for Imposition of the Death Penalty

935

(1)

Statutory Criteria of Inclusion

935

(1)

Identity of the Victim

935

(1)

Accompanying Criminal Offenses

935

(1)

Hazardous Conduct

935

(1)

Pecuniary Motive

936

(1)

Hindrance of Law Enforcement

936

(1)

Unusual Cruelty or Depravity

936

(1)

In Custody

936

(1)

Prior Criminal Conduct

936

(1)

Prediction of Future Criminal Conduct

936

(1)

Questions and Comments on Moose

936

(1)

Relevance of the Premeditation-Deliberation Formula

937

(1)

State of Alabama v. Judith Ann Neelley

938

(6)

Neelley v. State

944

(4)

Notes on Criteria of Mitigation and Selection in Capital Cases

948

(1)

Questions on Neelley

948

(1)

Statutory Mitigating Circumstances

948

(1)

Youth

949

(1)

State v. Valencia

950

(1)

Trimble v. State

950

(1)

Degree of Participation

951

(1)

Duress or Domination By Another

951

(1)

Mental Retardation and Low Intelligence

952

(1)

Diminished Responsibility

952

(2)

Extreme Mental or Emotional Disturbance

954

(1)

Impaired Capacity for Appreciation or Control

954

(1)

The Double-Edged Sword

955

(3)

Limits on Mitigating Evidence

958

(1)

Limits on Discretion to be Lenient

959

(3)

Intracase Disparity as a Basis for Leniency

962

(1)

Introductory Notes on Comparative Review of Death Sentences

963

(1)

Introduction

963

(1)

Case-by-Case Proportionality Review

964

(1)

Comparative Review

964

(1)

State v. Yates

964

(5)

State v. Young

969

(4)

Notes on Comparative Review of Death Sentences

973

(1)

Questions on Yates and Young

973

(1)

Methodology of Comparative Review: Defining the Universe of Relevant Cases

974

(1)

Should Comparison be Limited to Cases in Which Death Sentences Were Imposed

974

(2)

Should Comparison be Limited to Cases in Which the Prosecution Sought a Death Sentence

976

(1)

Methodology of Comparative Review: Selecting and Comparing ``Similar'' Cases

977

(2)

The New Jersey Experience

979

(2)

Godfrey Reconsidered

981

(1)

Pulley v. Harris

982

(1)

Efficacy of Comparative Review

982

(1)

Race and the Death Penalty

983

(1)

McCleskey v. Kemp

983

(17)

Notes on Race and the Death Penalty

1000

(1)

Introduction

1000

(1)

The Gross and Mauro Study

1001

(7)

Comments and Questions on McCleskey

1008

(1)

Post-McCleskey Research

1008

(2)

Proof and Proportionality

1010

Proof Beyond a Reasonable Doubt

1010

(64)

Introductory Note on In re Winship

1010

(1)

Mitigations and Defenses

1011

(1)

Mullaney v. Wilbur

1011

(6)

Patterson v. New York

1017

(10)

Notes on Burden of Proof for Mitigations and Defenses

1027

(1)

The Distinction Between Mullaney and Patterson

1027

(1)

The Procedural Interpretation of Winship

1027

(2)

Criticisms of the Procedural Approach

1029

(2)

An Alternative Reformulation of Mullaney: The Patterson Dissent

1031

(1)

Burden of Proof and Substantive Justice

1032

(1)

Martin v. Ohio

1033

(5)

Note on Martin v. Ohio

1038

(1)

Presumptions

1038

(1)

Sandstrom v. Montana

1038

(6)

Notes on Presumptions and the Burden of Proof

1044

(1)

Introduction

1044

(1)

Conclusive Presumptions

1044

(1)

Rebuttable Presumptions

1045

(1)

Shift in the Burden of Production

1045

(1)

Permissive Inferences

1046

(1)

Defenses, Presumptions, and Legislative Candor

1046

(2)

Sentencing

1048

(1)

Introductory Note on Winship and Sentencing

1048

(1)

Apprendi v. New Jersey

1049

(20)

Notes on Apprendi and its Implications

1069

(1)

The Reach of Apprendi

1069

(1)

Mandatory Minimum Sentences

1070

(3)

Capital Sentencing

1073

(1)

Proportionality

1074

Proportionality and Capital Punishment

1074

(1)

Coker v. Georgia

1074

(14)

Notes on Proportionality and Capital Offenses

1088

(1)

Questions and Comments on Coker

1088

(1)

Enmund v. Florida

1089

(1)

The Indicators of Societal Judgment

1090

(3)

The ``Ultimate'' Judgment

1093

(4)

Tison v. Arizona

1097

(7)

Questions on Enmund and Tison

1104

(1)

Notes on Diminished Responsibility, Proportionality, and the Death Penalty

1105

(1)

Introduction

1105

(1)

Mental Retardation

1105

(8)

Immaturity

1113

(4)

Proportionality and Imprisonment

1117

(1)

Harmelin v. Michigan

1117

(19)

Notes on Proportionality and Imprisonment

1136

(1)

Questions and Comments on Harmelin v. Michigan

1136

(1)

State v. Bartlett and Statutory Rape

1136

(4)

Mandatory Life Sentences for Juveniles

1140

(1)

Three Strikes Laws: Ewing v. California

1141

Appendix A

(98)

Table of Model Penal Code References

Appendix B

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Criminal Law

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials