Criminal Law

, by Emanuel, Steven L.; Samuelson, Renee

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ISBN: 9781565420403 | 1565420403
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 8/1/1992

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Supplemental Materials

Capsule Summary

(1)

ACTUS REUS AND MENS REA

Actus Reus

(11)

Significance of ``actus reus'' concept

(1)

Distinguished from thoughts, words, possession and status

(2)

Statement of intent made to third party

(1)

Possession as criminal act

(2)

Act must be voluntary

(3)

Model Penal Code Example

(1)

Reflex or convulsion

(1)

Unconsciousness

(1)

Hypnotism

(1)

Self-induced state

(1)

Omissions

(6)

Distinguished from affirmative acts

(1)

Limited liability for omissions

(1)

Statutory requirement

(1)

Existence of ``legal duty''

(3)

Degree of risk and effort required

(2)

Mens Rea

(28)

Introduction

(1)

Not necessary state of mind

(1)

Ambiguity

(1)

General versus specific intent

(1)

``General intent''

(1)

Specific intent

(1)

Common law vs. statutory crimes

(1)

Statutory offenses not existing at common law

(1)

Presumption of intent

(1)

Constitutional test

(1)

Different states of mind

(1)

``Purposely''

(2)

Distinguished from ``intentionally''

(1)

``Maliciously''

(1)

Conditional intent

(1)

Motive

(1)

``Knowingly''

(3)

``Willfully''

(1)

Subjective test

(1)

Presumption of knowledge

(1)

Knowledge of attendant circumstances

(1)

``Recklessly''

(1)

Must be aware of risk

(1)

All circumstances considered

(1)

Necessity for objective danger

(1)

``Negligently''

(1)

Distinguished from civil negligence

(1)

Gross negligence

(1)

Unforeseeable results

(1)

Strict liability

(3)

Constitutionality

(1)

Interpretation

(2)

Typical strict-liability provisions

(1)

Vicarious liability

(5)

Employer liability

(1)

Automobile owner

(1)

Constitutionality

(1)

Interpretation

(1)

Liability of corporations and partnerships

(1)

Partnerships and incorporated associations

(1)

Mistakes of fact or law

(9)

Grounds for confusion

(1)

General mental state

(1)

Mistake must be ``reasonable''

(1)

Mistake of law

(1)

Modern view

(1)

Unreasonable mistake

(2)

``Lesser crime'' theory retained

(1)

Mistake of law as to collateral fact

(1)

Mistaken belief that conduct is not a crime

(1)

Exceptions to general rule

(1)

Law not promulgated

(1)

Interpretation later found invalid

(1)

Mistake of law defense built into statutue

(1)

Concurrence

(6)

Concurrence generally

(1)

Concurrence between mind and act (``temporal concurrence'')

(2)

Mental state must cause act

(1)

Voluntary intoxication

(1)

Concurrence must be with act, not results

(1)

Concurrence may be with any act that is legal cause of harm

(1)

Concurrence between mind and result

(4)

Different crime occurs

(1)

Recklessly-or negligently-caused result

(1)

Felony-murder and misdemeanor-manslaughter rules

(1)

Same kind of harm but different degree

(1)

Manner of harm

(1)

Different victim

(1)

CAUSATION

Introduction

(1)

Causation generally

(1)

Two aspects of causation

(1)

Cause In Fact

(2)

Cause in fact generally

(2)

Expansive test

(1)

``Substantial factor'' test

(1)

Shortening of life

(1)

Murder victim must have been alive at time of act

(1)

Two people working together

(1)

Proximate Cause Generally

(5)

Proximate cause generally

(1)

No mechanical principles

(1)

Proximate Cause---Unintended Victims

Unintended victims, generally

(1)

Resulting crime is more serious

(1)

Application where different property destroyed

(1)

Actual victim not foreseeable

(1)

Must be linked to ``manner of harm'' problems

(1)

Defense assertable against intended victim

(1)

Mistake of identity

(1)

Crimes of recklessness or negligence

(1)

Tighter link required

(1)

Model Penal Code view

(1)

Proximate Cause-unintended Manner of harm

(13)

Unintended manner of harm generally

(1)

No liability for bizarre results

(1)

Classification not followed by Model Penal Code

(1)

Direct causation

(2)

Small difference in type of injury

(1)

Slightly different mechanism

(1)

Pre-existing weakness

(1)

Death caused without physical impact

(1)

``Come to rest in apparent safety''

(1)

Recklessness and negligence crimes

(1)

Intervening acts

(8)

Dependent vs. independent intervening acts

(1)

Four kinds of acts

(1)

Intervening acts by third person

(3)

Act by victim

(3)

Act by defendant

(1)

Non-human event

(1)

Recklessness or negligence crime

(1)

Causation in felony-murder and misdemeanor-manslaughter cases

(1)

Contrary view

(1)

Strict liability crimes

(1)

RESPONSIBILITY

The insanity defense

(19)

General purpose

(1)

Incarceration as objective

(1)

Not constitutionally required

(1)

Tests for insanity

(1)

M'Naghten ``right-wrong'' rule

(2)

Ruling

(1)

Reformulation

(1)

What constitutes ``mental disease''

(2)

Criticism of M'Naghten test

(1)

``Irresistible impulse''

(1)

The Durham ``product'' test

(1)

Model Penal Code standard

(2)

Similarity to older test

(1)

Only ``substantial capacity'' might be lacking

(1)

Emotional awareness of wrongful conduct

(1)

Psychopaths and sociopaths

(2)

The federal standard

(1)

The Durham ``product'' case

(1)

Model Penal Code

(1)

Congressional statute

(1)

Raising and establishing the defense

(4)

Who raises defense

(1)

Burden of persuasion

(1)

When defense must be raised

(1)

Psychiatric examination

(1)

Role of the jury

(1)

Bifurcated trial

(1)

Insanity defense as ``all or nothing''

(1)

XYY chromosome defense

(1)

Commitment following insanity acquittal

(1)

Constitutionality of mandatory commitment

(1)

Release

(1)

Fitness to stand trial

(1)

Insanity at time set for execution

(1)

Procedure for determining sanity

(1)

Diminished responsibility

Meaning of diminished responsibility

(1)

Effect to reduce to lesser offense

(1)

Insanity defense sometimes held to be superseding

(1)

Conscious effect required

(1)

Specific applications

(2)

Murder reduced to manslaughter

(1)

``Heat of passion'' manslaughter

(1)

Burden of proof

(1)

Automatism

(2)

Nature of automatism defense

(1)

Defense sometimes superseded by insanity

(1)

Bratty case rejects

(1)

Generally allowed in America

(1)

People v. Grant

(1)

Low blood sugar

(1)

Premenstrual syndrome defect

(1)

Post traumatic stress disorder

(1)

Intoxication

(9)

The problem generally

(1)

Voluntarily induced

(1)

Involuntary

(1)

Balancing of interest

(1)

Voluntary intoxication

(6)

Effect upon mental state

(1)

``Specific intent'' crimes

(1)

Categories abandoned

(1)

Defense to traditional ``general intent'' crimes

(1)

Recklessness

(1)

Negligence

(1)

Self-defense

(1)

Insanity

(1)

Involuntary intoxication

(2)

Several kinds of involuntary intoxication

(2)

Alcoholism and narcotics addiction

(1)

Defense not well accepted

(1)

Crimes committed to gain funds

(1)

Constitutional arguments

(1)

Infancy

(2)

Common-law treatment

(1)

Under seven

(1)

Between seven and fourteen

(1)

Over fourteen

(1)

Effect of legislation

(2)

Criminal standard

(1)

Constitutional issues

(1)

JUSTIFICATION AND EXCUSE

General principles

(2)

Justification vs. excuse

(1)

Significance of distinction

(1)

Effect of mistake of fact

(1)

Common law approach has no unified rule

(1)

Overlapping of defenses

(1)

Model Penal Code attempts unified rules

(1)

Duress

100

(5)

Nature of duress

100

(1)

Elements of the defense

100

(1)

Threat

100

(1)

Fear

100

(1)

Imminent danger

100

(1)

Bodily harm

100

(1)

Rationale for defense

100

(1)

Homicide cases

100

(2)

Justifications

101

(1)

Reduction of crime

102

(1)

Felony-murder

102

(1)

Imminence of threatened harm

102

(1)

Rule breaking down

102

(1)

Death or serious bodily injury

103

(1)

Threat directed at person other than defendant

103

(1)

Model Penal Code's liberal view

103

(1)

Effect of mistake

103

(1)

Model Penal Code view

103

(1)

Defendant who voluntarily subjects himself to danger

103

(1)

Model Penal Code view

103

(1)

Wife coerced by husband

104

(1)

Military orders

104

(1)

Had reason to know of unlawfulness

104

(1)

Guilt of coercer

104

(1)

Relation to ``choice of evils'' or ``necessity'' defense

105

(1)

Model Penal Code allows

105

(1)

Necessity

105

(4)

The necessity defense generally

105

(1)

Choice of evils

105

(1)

Legislature must not have made other choice

106

(1)

Requirements for defense

106

(1)

Greater harm

106

(1)

No alternative

106

(1)

Imminence

106

(1)

Situation not caused by defendant

106

(1)

Nature of harm

106

(1)

Illustrative examples

106

(1)

Homicide

107

(1)

Dudley & Stephens

107

(1)

Holmes case

108

(1)

Model Penal Code standard

108

(1)

Economic necessity not sufficient

108

(1)

Civil disobedience

108

(1)

Self-Defense

109

(16)

Self-Defense generally

109

(1)

Requirements

109

(1)

What constitutes unlawful force

109

(1)

Excessive force

109

(1)

Force which would be excused

110

(1)

Effect of mistake

110

(1)

Consent

110

(1)

Degree of force

110

(1)

Use of non-deadly force

110

(1)

Deadly force

110

(2)

Definition of deadly force

111

(1)

Imminence of harm

112

(1)

Aggressor may not defend himself

112

(2)

Aggression without use of actual force

112

(1)

Two exceptions

113

(1)

Retreat

114

(2)

No retreat required before non-deadly force

114

(1)

Only required where it can be safely done

115

(1)

Retreat in defendant's dwelling

115

(1)

Effect of mistake

116

(3)

Battered women and self-defense

119

(3)

The ``battered woman's syndrome''

119

(1)

Admissibility of expert testimony about BWS

119

(1)

Standard for ``reasonableness''

120

(1)

Imminence of danger

120

(2)

Battered child

122

(1)

Resisting arrest

122

(1)

Non-deadly force

122

(1)

May resist excessive force

122

(1)

Courts allow resistance

122

(1)

Injury to third person

123

(1)

Recklessness or negligence

123

(1)

``Imperfect'' self-defense

124

(1)

``Terror'' as equivalent to ``passion''

124

(1)

Model Penal Code view

124

(1)

Reduction of other defenses

124

(1)

Burden of proof

124

(1)

Constitutionally permissible

124

(1)

Defense of others

125

(2)

Right to defend others in general

125

(1)

Relation between defendant and aided person

125

(1)

Modern Rule

125

(1)

Requirements for defense

125

(1)

Danger to other

125

(1)

Degree of force

125

(1)

Belief in another person's right to use force

125

(1)

Retreat

125

(1)

Home of either party

125

(1)

Mistake as to who is aggressor

126

(1)

Traditional view

126

(1)

Defense of property

127

(3)

Right to defend property generally

127

(1)

Non-deadly force

127

(1)

Limited to reasonable degree

127

(1)

Subsequent use of deadly force

127

(1)

Deadly force not generally allowed

127

(1)

Defense of dwelling

127

(1)

Use of mechanical devices

128

(1)

Non-deadly devices

128

(1)

Deadly force

129

(1)

Recapture of chattel and re-entry on land

129

(1)

Law enforcement (Arrest: prevention of escape and crime)

130

(5)

Law Enforcement privilege generally

130

(1)

Illustrations

130

(1)

Use of force

130

(1)

Arrest

130

(5)

Summary of arrest rules

130

(1)

Felonies

130

(1)

Misdemeanors

131

(1)

Arrest resisted

131

(1)

Suspect fleeing

131

(2)

Arrest by private citizen

133

(2)

Prevention of escape

135

(1)

Crime prevention

135

(1)

Reasonable non-deadly force

135

(1)

Deadly force

135

(1)

Maintaining authority

135

(1)

Right to maintain authority generally

135

(1)

Parents of minor

135

(1)

Objectives vs. subjective standard

135

(1)

Model Penal Code

136

(1)

School teacher

136

(1)

Consent

136

(2)

Effect of consent by victim

136

(1)

Consent as element of the offense

136

(1)

Consent as relevant factor

136

(1)

Incapacity to consent

137

(1)

Deception

137

(1)

Contributory negligence of victim

137

(1)

Guilt of victim

137

(1)

Condonation and compromise

138

(1)

Entrapment

138

(4)

Entrapment generally

138

(2)

Two rationales for defense

138

(1)

Two rules for entrapment

138

(2)

False representations regarding legality

140

(1)

Exception for violent crimes

140

(1)

Evidence

140

(1)

Danger of prejudice

140

(1)

Distinguish from ``missing element'' cases

141

(1)

ATTEMPT

Introduction

142

(1)

Concept of attempt generally

142

(1)

Need to have police intervene

142

(1)

Countervailing issues

142

(1)

Punishment of innocent

142

(1)

No chance for abandonment

142

(1)

Modern trend toward broader attempt liability

142

(1)

General attempt statute

143

(1)

Mental State

143

(3)

Intent usually required

143

(3)

Specific crime in question

144

(1)

knowledge of likely consequences

144

(1)

Crimes defined by recklessness, negligence or strict liability

145

(1)

Proving intent by circumstantial evidence

145

(1)

Intent as to surrounding circumstances

145

(1)

The Act-Attempt vs. ``Mere preparation''

146

(6)

Attempt distinguished from mere preparation

146

(1)

The proximity approach

146

(3)

The ``last act'' test

146

(1)

``Dangerous proximity to success'' test

147

(1)

The ``probable desistance'' approach

148

(1)

``Reasonable man'' standard

148

(1)

``Indispensable element'' test

148

(1)

The ``equivocality'' test

149

(1)

Confessions exculded

149

(1)

Criticism

150

(1)

Uselessness of confession

150

(1)

Model Penal Code's ``substantial step'' test

150

(2)

``Substantial step'' test

150

(1)

Combination of proximity and equivocality test

151

(1)

Close proximity not required

151

(1)

Followed in many states

152

(1)

Impossibility

152

(7)

Nature of ``impossibility'' defense

152

(1)

Factual impossibility

153

(1)

Not accepted as defense

153

(1)

``True legal'' impossibility

154

(1)

Statement to police not perjury

154

(1)

Relation to rule of ``ignorance of law no excuse''

154

(1)

Mistake of fact governing legal relationship

154

(5)

Other illustrations

155

(1)

Distinguished from ``true legal'' impossibility cases

155

(1)

Defense now seldom accepted

155

(1)

Model Penal Code view

155

(1)

Modern view criticized

156

(2)

Fletcher's view

158

(1)

View that problem may be solved by looking to defendant's intent

158

(1)

``Inherent'' impossibility (inaptness and superstition)

159

(1)

Voodoo practitioner

159

(1)

No clear consensus

159

(1)

Model Penal Code allows conviction

159

(1)

Renunciation

159

(4)

Renunciation of criminal purpose

159

(2)

Distinguished from substantive crimes

160

(1)

Arguments against defense

160

(1)

Modern view accepts defense

161

(1)

Model Penal Code allows defense

161

(1)

Voluntariness requirement

161

(2)

Universal requirement

161

(2)

Time to abandon

163

(1)

Attempt-Like Crimes

163

(2)

Inchoate crimes generally

163

(1)

Burglary and assault

163

(1)

Possession crimes

163

(1)

Attempt to commit attempt-like crimes

164

(1)

Assault

164

(1)

Burglary

164

(1)

Constitutional objections to attempt-like crimes

165

(1)

Papachristou case

165

(1)

Mechanics of Trial; Punishment

165

(2)

Relation between charge and conviction

165

(1)

Substantive crime charged, attempt proved

165

(1)

Attempt charged, completed crime proved

165

(1)

Penalties

166

(1)

Model Penal Code takes stricter position

166

(1)

CONSPIRACY

Introduction

167

(4)

Definition of ``conspiracy''

167

(1)

Agreement

167

(1)

Objective

167

(1)

Mens rea

167

(1)

Purposes of conspiracy law

167

(1)

Inchoate crime

167

(1)

Group activity

167

(1)

Vagueness and abuse

167

(4)

Joint trial

168

(1)

Venue

168

(1)

Admission of hearsay

168

(2)

Statute of limitations

170

(1)

The Agreement

171

(4)

``Meeting of the minds'' not required

171

(2)

Implied agreement

171

(1)

Proof by circumstantial evidence

171

(2)

Aiding and abetting

173

(1)

Parties do not agree to commit object crime

174

(1)

Feigned agreement

174

(1)

Traditional view that there is no conspiracy

174

(1)

Modern view allows conspiracy finding

174

(1)

Knowledgement of the identity of other conspirator

174

(1)

Mens Rea

175

(7)

The intent requirement generally

175

(1)

Intent to commit object crime

175

(3)

Must have intent to achieve objective

175

(1)

Crime of recklessness or negligence

175

(1)

Strict-liability crimes

176

(1)

Attendant circumstances

177

(1)

Federal jurisdiction

177

(1)

Feola case

177

(1)

``Corrupt motive'' doctrine

178

(1)

People v. Powell

178

(1)

Supplying of goods and services

179

(2)

Mere knowledge usually insufficient

179

(1)

Knowledge must be specific

179

(2)

Differing mental states

181

(1)

Plurality requirement

181

(1)

The conspiratorial Objective

182

(4)

Non-criminal objectives

182

(1)

Liability for non-criminal aims

182

(1)

Modern American view rejects this approach

182

(1)

Overt act requirement

183

(1)

Rationale

183

(1)

Model Penal Code limits requirement

183

(1)

Kind of act required

184

(1)

Act of one attributable to all

184

(1)

Impossibility

184

(1)

Generally rejected

184

(1)

Ventimiglia case an exception

184

(1)

Mistake as to coverage of statute

185

(1)

Factual impossibility

185

(1)

Substantive liability for crimes of other conspirators

185

(1)

Pinkerton case imposes liability

185

(1)

Modern view limits Pinkerton

185

(1)

Scope: Multiple Objectives

186

(2)

Significance of one or multiple conspiracies

186

(1)

Multiple crimes planned

186

(2)

Must show more than multiple crimes

186

(1)

What constitutes `agreement'

187

(1)

Changes in personnel

187

(1)

Scope:Multiple Parties

188

(5)

Parties not in contact with each other

188

(1)

``Wheel'' conspiracies

188

(1)

``Community of interest'' test

188

(1)

``Chain conspiracies''

189

(2)

``Community of interest'' test

190

(1)

Organized crime

191

(1)

RICO statute

192

(1)

Conspiracy

192

(1)

Political conspiracies

192

(1)

Party who comes late or leaves early

193

(1)

Duration of conspriracy

193

(3)

Significance of issue

193

(1)

Abandonment

194

(2)

Abandonment by all

194

(1)

Withdrawal by individual conspirator

194

(1)

Crime completed

195

(1)

Plurality

196

(5)

Significance of plurality requirement

196

(1)

Wharton's Rule

197

(1)

Rationale

197

(1)

More persons than necessary

197

(1)

Only one participant punishable

197

(1)

Merely a presumption

197

(1)

Model Penal Code rejects Rule

198

(1)

Statutory purpose not to punish one party

198

(1)

Gebardi case

199

(1)

Model Penal Code view

199

(1)

Spouses and corporation

199

(1)

Inconsistent disposition

200

(1)

Same trial

200

(1)

Different trials

200

(1)

Nolle prosequi

200

(1)

One conspirator not brought to justice

201

(1)

Punishment

201

(2)

Typical penalty schemes

201

(1)

Model Penal Code

201

(1)

Cumulative sentencing

201

(2)

ACCOMPLICE LIABILITY AND SOLICITATION

Parties to crime

203

(1)

Various parties

203

(1)

``Principal in first degree''

203

(1)

Principal in second degree

203

(1)

Accessory before the fact

203

(1)

Accessory after the fact

204

(1)

Procedural effects of classification

204

(1)

Categories merged or abolished

204

(1)

Some consequences remain

204

(1)

Accomplices---The act requirement

204

(3)

Aiding and abetting

204

(2)

Words may be enough

204

(1)

Mere presence not sufficient

204

(1)

Presence plus flight not sufficient

205

(1)

Failure to intervene

205

(1)

Aid not crucial

206

(1)

Not a defense

206

(1)

Attempted aid

206

(1)

Attempts to aid where no crime occurs

207

(1)

Conspiracy as meeting the act requirement

207

(1)

Insufficient under modern view

207

(1)

Accomplices---Mental State

207

(6)

General confusion

207

(1)

Intentional aid

208

(2)

Must have purpose to further crime

208

(1)

Knowledge not usually enough

208

(1)

Mens rea of underlying crime

208

(2)

Knowledge, but not intent, as to criminal result

210

(1)

Not usually sufficient

210

(1)

Model Penal Code in agreement

210

(1)

Recommendation of source of drugs

210

(1)

A few cases hold knowledge to be sufficient

211

(1)

Criminal facilitation

211

(1)

Assistance with crime of recklessness or negligence

211

(1)

Lending car to drunk driver

211

(1)

Liability sometimes rejected

212

(1)

Strict liability

212

(1)

Liability rejected

212

(1)

Vicarious liability

213

(1)

Accomplices---Additional crimes by Principal

213

(3)

Results that are ``natural and probable'' but not intended

213

(3)

Not natural or probable result

213

(1)

Model Penal Code rejects extended liability

214

(1)

Felony-murder and misdemeanor-manslaughter

214

(2)

Guilt of the Principal

216

(3)

Principal's must generally be guilty

216

(1)

Principal's conviction not necessary

216

(1)

Inconsistent verdicts in same trial

217

(1)

Collateral estoppel to aid accomplice

217

(1)

Principal without required mental state

217

(2)

Illustration

217

(1)

Abandonment of mens rea requirement

218

(1)

Complete defense

218

(1)

Model Penal Code's attempt theory

218

(1)

Use of innocent agent

218

(1)

Accomplice and principal with different degrees of culpability

219

(1)

Withdrawal by the Accomplice

219

(1)

Withdrawal as defence

219

(1)

Effect of aid must be undone

219

(1)

Verbal withdrawal sometimes sufficient

220

(1)

Warning to authorities

220

(1)

Not required that crime be thwarted

220

(1)

Withdrawal motivated by fear of detection

220

(1)

Victims and other exceptions to Accomplice Liability

220

(2)

Defendant who could not be liable as principal

220

(1)

Exceptions for certain classes

221

(1)

Victims

221

(1)

Crime logically requiring second person

221

(1)

Post-Crime Assistance

222

(1)

Accessory after the fact

222

(1)

Elements of the offense

222

(1)

Commission of a felony

222

(1)

Knowledge of felony

222

(1)

Knowledge of the felon's identity

222

(1)

Failure to inform not sufficient

223

(1)

Misprision of felony

223

(1)

Compounding crime

223

(1)

Solicitation

223

(4)

Solicitation defined

223

(1)

No overt act required

223

(1)

No corroboration required

224

(1)

Mental state

224

(1)

Solicitation of accomplice

224

(1)

Non-criminal objective

224

(1)

Solicitation to large group

224

(1)

Communication not received

225

(1)

Model Penal Code

225

(1)

Defenses

225

(1)

Renunciation

225

(1)

Crime requiring two parties

225

(1)

Impossibility

225

(1)

Solicitation as an attempted crime

226

(1)

Must go beyond mere preparation

226

(1)

HOMICIDE AND OTHER CRIMES AGAINST THE PERSON

Homicide---Introduction

227

(1)

Different grade of homicide

227

(1)

Degrees of murder

227

(1)

Two kinds of manslaughter

227

(1)

Other statutory forms of homicide

227

(1)

Murder

227

(7)

Taking of life

227

(2)

When life begins

227

(2)

When life ends

229

(1)

Elements of murder

229

(1)

Actus reus

229

(1)

Corpus delicti

229

(1)

Mens rea

230

(1)

Proximate cause

230

(1)

Intent-to-kill murder

230

(1)

Substantial certainty of death

230

(1)

Ill will not needed

230

(1)

Intent proved by circumstantial evidence

231

(1)

Voluntary manslaughter

231

(1)

Degrees of intent-to-kill murder

231

(1)

Intent to do serious bodily injury

231

(2)

Knowledge that injury is highly likely

232

(1)

Standard is generally subjective

232

(1)

What constitutes ``serious bodily injury''

232

(1)

Model Penal Code rejects

232

(1)

Reckless indifference to value of human life (``depraved heart'')

233

(1)

Illustration

233

(1)

Awareness of risk

234

(1)

Felony Murder

234

(11)

Felony murder generally

234

(1)

Non-dangerous felonies

234

(2)

Illustration

234

(1)

Now limited to dangerous felonies

234

(2)

Causal relationship

236

(4)

Illustration

236

(1)

``Natural and probable'' consequences

237

(1)

Arson cases

237

(1)

Robberies and gunfights

237

(3)

Accomplice liability of co-felons

240

(1)

``In the commission of'' a felony

241

(1)

Mere coincidence not enough

241

(1)

Escape as part of felony

241

(1)

Loose definition of crime

241

(1)

Killing followed by a felony

242

(1)

Felony is includible in homicide

242

(2)

Manslaughter

242

(1)

Batteries and assaults

242

(1)

Burglary with intent to assault

242

(1)

Armed robbery

243

(1)

Attack on multiple victims

243

(1)

Future of the felony-murder rule

244

(1)

Illogicality of rule

244

(1)

Model Penal Code rejects rule

244

(1)

Abolition by decision

244

(1)

Degrees of murder

245

(5)

Degrees of murder

245

(1)

Death penalty

245

(2)

Gregg v. Georgia

245

(1)

Mandatory sentences not constitutional

246

(1)

Racial prejudice

246

(1)

Non-intentional killings

247

(1)

Non-murder cases

247

(1)

First-degree murder

247

(3)

Time required for premeditation

248

(1)

Elements which must be shown

248

(1)

Intoxication as negating deliberation

249

(1)

Diminished responsibility

249

(1)

Criticism of distinction

249

(1)

Lying in wait, torture and poison

250

(1)

Felony-murder

250

(1)

Second-degree murder

250

(1)

No premeditation

250

(1)

Intent to seriously injure

250

(1)

Indifference to human life

250

(1)

Felony-murders

250

(1)

Manslaughter---Voluntary

250

(8)

Manslaughter generally

250

(1)

Voluntary manslaughter based on ``heat of passion''

250

(1)

Intent

250

(1)

Requirements for voluntary manslaughter

250

(1)

Reasonable provocation

251

(3)

Characteristics of the reasonable person

251

(3)

Actual provocation

254

(1)

Reasonable ``cooling off period''

254

(1)

Minority view

254

(1)

Rekindling

254

(1)

Actual cooling off

254

(1)

Killing of one other than provoker

255

(1)

Bad aim

255

(1)

Mistake as to who provoked

255

(1)

Victim known not to be provoker

255

(1)

Burden of proof on manslaughter

255

(1)

Mullaney imposes constitutional requirement

255

(1)

Cut back in Patterson case

256

(1)

Defendant's objection to submission to jury

256

(1)

Other kinds of voluntary manslaughter

256

(2)

``Imperfect'' self-defense

257

(1)

``Imperfect'' defense of others

257

(1)

``Imperfect'' crime-prevention

257

(1)

``Imperfect'' coercion or necessity

257

(1)

Other killings

257

(1)

Manslaughter---Involuntary

258

(5)

Involuntary manslaughter

258

(3)

Criminal negligence required

258

(1)

All circumstances considered

258

(1)

Defendant's own characteristics

258

(1)

``Inherently dangerous'' objects

259

(1)

Defendant's awareness of risk

259

(1)

Proximate cause

260

(1)

Contributory negligence of victim

261

(1)

Vehicular homicide

261

(1)

Unlawful-act manslaughter (``misdemeanor manslaughter'')

261

(2)

What constitutes ``unlawful act''

261

(1)

Proximate cause

262

(1)

Criticism of doctrine

263

(1)

Assault, Battery and Mayhem

263

(3)

Battery

264

(1)

Injury or offensive touching

264

(1)

Mental state

264

(1)

Unlawful act

264

(1)

Degrees of battery

264

(1)

Defenses

264

(1)

Assault

264

(1)

Attempted battery assault

264

(1)

Intentional-frightening assault

265

(1)

Conditional assault

265

(1)

Aggravated assault

265

(1)

Mayhem

265

(1)

Injury must be permanent

265

(1)

Nature of intent

266

(1)

Model Penal Code abolishes category

266

(1)

Rape

266

(4)

Definition of rape

266

(4)

Intercourse

266

(1)

The spousal exemption

266

(1)

Without consent

267

(1)

Force

267

(2)

Corroboration

269

(1)

Homosexual rape

269

(1)

Statutory rape

270

(1)

Kidnapping

270

(1)

Definition of kidnapping

270

(1)

Asportation

270

(1)

THEFT CRIMES

Historical Overview

271

(1)

Larceny was judge-made crime

271

(1)

Need to expand ``possession''

271

(1)

Statutes on embezzlement and false pretenses

271

(1)

Need for understanding distinctions

272

(1)

Larceny

272

(11)

Definition

272

(1)

Trespassory taking

273

(4)

Trapped by owner

273

(1)

Taking by employee

274

(1)

Transaction in owner's presence

275

(1)

Bailee who breaks bulk

275

(1)

Finders of lost or mislaid property

275

(1)

Larceny by trick

276

(1)

Carrying away (``asportation'')

277

(1)

Slight distance sufficient

277

(1)

Innocent purchaser transports property

278

(1)

Personal property of another

278

(1)

Tangible personal property

278

(1)

Modern expansion

278

(1)

Trade secrets

278

(1)

Property of another

279

(1)

Embezzlement or false pretenses

279

(1)

Recapture of chattel

279

(1)

Intent to steal

280

(3)

Intent to permanently deprive owner

280

(1)

Intent to return equivalent

281

(1)

Claim of right

281

(1)

Concurrence of taking and intent

282

(1)

Degrees of larceny

283

(1)

Aggregation

283

(1)

Embezzlement

283

(6)

Definition

283

(1)

Need fro embezzlement crime

284

(1)

Conversion

284

(1)

Property of another

284

(2)

Kind of property which may be embezzled

284

(1)

Property ``of another''

284

(2)

By one in lawful possession

286

(2)

Limited to certain classes of persons

287

(1)

Employees

287

(1)

Finders

288

(1)

Fraudulent taking

288

(1)

Claim of right

288

(1)

Collection of debt

288

(1)

Intent to repay

288

(1)

Miscellaneous defenses

289

(1)

False Pretenses

289

(7)

Definition

289

(1)

Need for crime

289

(1)

False representation of present or past fact

290

(1)

Non-disclosure and concealment

290

(1)

False promises not sufficient

290

(1)

Reliance

291

(1)

Representation must be ``material''

291

(1)

Passing of title

292

(1)

The victim has only possession

292

(1)

Sale opposed to loan or lease

292

(1)

Purchase of goods on conditional sale

292

(1)

Handing over of money

292

(1)

Property of another

293

(1)

Property that qualifies

293

(1)

Joint ownership

293

(1)

Defendant's mental state

293

(1)

Practical significance

294

(1)

Reasonable belief in truth of representation

294

(1)

Intent to defraud

294

(1)

Defenses

294

(1)

Gullibility of victim

294

(1)

No pecuniary loss

294

(1)

Crimes related to false pretenses

295

(1)

Bad checks

295

(1)

Mail fraud

295

(1)

Forgery

295

(1)

Confidence games

296

(1)

Credit card legislation

296

(1)

Consolidation of Theft Crimes

296

(1)

Need for consolidation

296

(1)

MPC consolidation

296

(1)

Receiving Stolen Property

297

(1)

Need for punishing receipt

297

(1)

Elements of offense

297

(1)

Stolen property

297

(1)

Trap laid by police

297

(1)

Knowledge that it is stolen

297

(1)

Burglary

298

(2)

Common-law burglary

298

(1)

Breaking

298

(1)

No consent

298

(1)

Most states abandon breaking requirement

299

(1)

Entry

299

(1)

Requirement maintained

299

(1)

Dwelling of another

299

(1)

Statutory modification

299

(1)

Nighttime

299

(1)

No longer a requirement

300

(1)

Intent to commit a felony

300

(1)

Robbery

300

(1)

Definition of robbery

300

(1)

From the person or presence of owner

300

(1)

``Person''

300

(1)

``Presence'' of victim

300

(1)

Use of violence or intimidation

300

(1)

Violence

300

(1)

Intimidation

300

(1)

Taking must concur with violence or intimidation

301

(1)

Aggravated robbery

301

(1)

Blackmail and Extortion

301

(2)

Nature of offense

301

(1)

Nature of threat

301

(1)

Threat to accuse victim of crime

301

(1)

Attempt to recover property

301

(2)

Essay Exam Questions and Answers

303

(10)

Multistate-Style Questions and Answers

313

(16)

Short-Answer Questions and Answers

329

(15)

Tables and Indexes

344

(13)

Casebook Correlation Chart

357

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