Crystal-Induced Arthropathies: Gout, Pseudogout and Apatite-Associated Syndromes

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ISBN: 9780849393822 | 0849393825
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/16/2006

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Provides an in-depth review of crystal-induced arthropathies and related disorders. Features detailed descriptions of the clinical features of these diseases, pharmacology of the most commonly used drugs, classic radiographic research, methods of crystal identification, and more. For clinicians.

Preface

iii

Contributors

xiii

1. Crystal-Induced Arthropathies—Historical Aspects

Daniel J. McCarty

Introduction

(1)

Monosodium Urate Crystal Deposition

(2)

Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate (CPPD) Crystal Deposition

(1)

Basic Calcium Phosphate Crystal Deposition

(1)

References

(2)

2. The Epidemiology of Gout and Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition Disease

(30)

Kenneth G. Saag, Ted R. Mikuls, and Joel Abbott

Introduction—Gout

(2)

Estimates of Frequency of Gout

(9)

Gout Comorbidities, Other Associations, and Prognosis

(4)

Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition Disease

(1)

Estimates of Frequency of CPPD Diseases

(4)

Epidemiology of Basic Calcium Phosphate Arthropathies

(1)

References

(10)

3. Genetics of the Crystal-Induced Arthropathies

(24)

Raihana Zaka and Charlene J. Williams

Introduction

(1)

Familial Gout Syndromes

(1)

Familial Juvenile Hyperuricemic Nephropathy

(2)

Autosomal Dominant Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease

(1)

Candidate Genes for FJHN and ADMCKD1 and 2

(1)

Genetic Heterogeneity in FJHN

(1)

Treatment of the Hyperuricemic Nephropathies

(1)

Other Genetic Studies of Gout

(1)

Familial Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate (CPPD) Deposition Disease

(2)

Genetic Linkage Analyses in Familial CPPD Disease

(1)

Candidate Genes for Familial CPPD Diseases

(2)

Genetic Heterogeneity in Familial CPPD Disease

(1)

Ank and CPPD Deposition Disease

(2)

Familial Conditions Involving Basic Calcium

Phosphate (Apatite) Crystals

(1)

Analyses of Genetic Linkage and Candidate Genes in Familial Basic Calcium Phosphate Arthropathies

(1)

Conclusions

(1)

References

(9)

4. Gout: Presentation, Natural History, and Associated Conditions

(20)

N. Lawrence Edwards

Introduction

(1)

Stages of Classic Gout

(7)

Less Classic Presentations of Gout

(4)

Clinical Associates of Gout

(4)

References

(5)

5. Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia

(18)

John Kanellis, Duk-Hee Kong, Daniel I. Feig, and Richard J. Johnson

Introduction

(1)

Uric Acid: Biochemistry

(1)

The Uricase Gene is Mutated in Humans and in Other Hominoids

(1)

Hyperuricemia in Humans: A Definition

(1)

Hyperuricemia and the Risk of Gouty Arthritis, Calculi, and Nephropathy

(1)

Dietary and Physiological Factors that can Influence Serum Urate Levels

(1)

Hyperuricemia is Associated with Hypertension, Vascular Disease, and the "Metabolic Syndrome"

(1)

The Prognostic Significance of Serum Urate Levels

(1)

Uric Acid: Beneficial or Harmful?

(1)

Urate May Be a Useful Biomarker

(1)

Urate and Endothelial Dysfunction

(1)

Effects of Urate on Vascular Smooth Muscle

(1)

Animal Models of Hyperuricemia

(1)

Should Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia be Treated?

(1)

Further Reading

(1)

References

(6)

6. Pseudogout: Presentation, Natural History, and Associated Conditions

(18)

Ann K. Rosenthal

Introduction

(1)

Epidemiology

100

(1)

Clinical Presentation

101

(3)

Diagnosis

104

(2)

Classification of CPPD Deposition Disease

106

(5)

Conclusions

111

(1)

References

112

(5)

7. Clinical Manifestations of Basic Calcium Phosphate (Apatite) Deposition Disease

117

(18)

Kanyakorn Jaovisidha and Lawrence M. Ryan

Introduction

117

(1)

Sporadic or Idiopathic BCP Crystal Deposition Disease

117

(6)

Hereditary BCP Crystal Disease

123

(3)

Systemic Diseases Associated with BCP Crystal Deposition

126

(2)

Drug-Related BCP Crystal Deposition

128

(1)

Conclusion

128

(1)

References

128

(7)

8. Differential Diagnosis of Monarthritis

135

(22)

Kevin D. Deane and Sterling G. West

Introduction

135

(1)

Diagnostic Approach

135

(8)

Specific Diseases that Cause Monarthritis

143

(10)

Summary

153

(1)

References

153

(4)

9. Synovial Fluid Analysis for Identification of Crystals

157

(12)

Lan X. Chen and H. Ralph Schumacher, Jr.

Introduction

157

(1)

Gross Examination

157

(1)

Examination of a Wet Drop Preparation

158

(7)

Arthrocentesis

165

(1)

Quality Control

166

(1)

References

166

(3)

10. Other Methods of Crystal Identification

169

(4)

Paul B. Halverson

Introduction

169

(1)

Alizarin Red S Staining

169

(1)

Radionuclide Diphosphonate Binding

170

(1)

Electron Microscopy

171

(1)

Atomic Force Microscopy

171

(1)

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

171

(1)

X-Ray Diffraction

171

(1)

Arsenazo III

171

(1)

References

172

(1)

11. Radiographic Changes of Crystal, Induced Arthropathies

173

(16)

Lawrence M. Ryan and Guillermo F. Carrera

Introduction—Gout

173

(14)

Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Crystal Deposition Disease

187

(1)

Basic Calcium Phosphate Arthropathies

187

(1)

Reference

187

(2)

12. The Biochemistry of Gout

189

(24)

Michael A. Becker

Introduction

189

(2)

Purine Metabolism

191

(7)

Urate Homeostasis and Mechanisms of Hyperuricemia

198

(3)

Classification of Gout and Hyperuricemia

201

(5)

Inborn Errors of Human Purine Metabolism

206

(3)

References

209

(4)

13. Biochemistry of Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition

213

(14)

Lawrence M. Ryan and Jill C. Costello

Introduction

213

(1)

Intracellular Inorganic Pyrophosphate

213

(2)

Extracellular Inorganic Pyrophosphate

215

(4)

Matrix Changes and CPPD Crystal Deposition

219

(1)

Vesicles Within Cartilage Matrix

220

(1)

References

221

(6)

14. Biochemistry of Basic Calcium Phosphate (Apatite)-Associated Syndromes

227

(12)

Eamonn S. Molloy and Geraldine M. McCarthy

Introduction

227

(1)

Composition of BCP Deposits

228

(1)

Effect of Crystal Characteristics

229

(1)

Crystal Formation

230

(5)

References

235

(4)

15. Pathophysiology of Crystal-Induced Arthritis

239

(16)

Nicola Dalbeth and Dorian O. Haskard

Introduction

239

(1)

Gout and the Inflammatory Response to Monosodium Urate Crystals

239

(7)

Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Crystal-Related Inflammation

246

(1)

Basic Calcium Phosphate-Related Arthropathies

247

(2)

References

249

(6)

16. Physiologic Aspects of Urate Homeostasis

255

(22)

Peter A. Simkin

Introduction

255

(1)

The Transporters

256

(1)

URAT1

256

(1)

OAT1

257

(3)

hUAT

260

(1)

The Transport

261

(5)

Hypouricemia

266

(3)

Extrarenal Distribution of Urate

269

(4)

References

273

(4)

17. Biological Effects of Calcium-Containing Crystals

277

(14)

Herman S. Cheung

Introduction

277

(1)

Clinical Association of Calcium-Containing Crystals and Osteoarthritis

278

(1)

Biologic Effects of Calcium-Containing Crystals

278

(7)

Mechanisms of Crystal-Induced Cell Activation

285

(1)

References

286

(5)

18. The Pathology of Crystal-Induced Arthropathies

291

(30)

H. Ralph Schumacher, Jr. and Robert L. Wortmann

Introduction

291

(1)

Gout

291

(15)

Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Deposition

306

(6)

Apatite (Basic Calcium Phosphate)-Associated Arthropathies

312

(2)

Milwaukee Shoulder Syndrome or Cuff Tear Arthropathy

314

(1)

References

315

(6)

19. Management of Crystal-Induced Arthropathies

321

(20)

Robert L. Wortmann and Lawrence M. Ryan

Introduction

321

(1)

Monosodium Urate Crystal Deposition Disease: Gout

322

(5)

Control of Hyperuricemia

327

(3)

Ancillary Factors

330

(2)

Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Crystal Deposition Disease

332

(1)

Basic Calcium Phosphate Arthropathy

333

(2)

References

335

(6)

20. Colchicine

341

(12)

Brian F. Mandell

Introduction

341

(1)

Pharmacology

342

(1)

Complications of Therapy

343

(3)

Drug Interactions

346

(1)

Mechanism of Action

347

(1)

Indications

348

(1)

Contraindications

348

(1)

References

349

(4)

21. The Use of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs for the Treatment of Gouty Arthritis

353

(6)

Bruce N. Cronstein

Introduction

353

(1)

Mechanisms of Action

354

(2)

Use of NSAIDs in the Treatment of Acute Gouty Arthritis

356

(1)

References

357

(2)

22. Corticosteroids in the Treatment of Crystal-Induced Arthropathies

359

(10)

R. Swamy Venuturupalli and Michael H. Weisman

Introduction

359

(1)

Corticosteroid Structure

359

(1)

Corticosteroid Physiology

360

(1)

Mechanism of Action of Corticosteroids

361

(1)

Adverse Effects

362

(1)

Corticosteroids in the Treatment of Gout

363

(2)

ACTH

365

(2)

References

367

(2)

23. Uricosuric Therapy

369

(12)

Fernando Perez-Ruiz, Iñaki Hernando, and Ana M. Herrero-Beites

Introduction

369

(1)

Historical Background

369

(1)

Targets for the Effects of Uricosuric Drugs

370

(1)

Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Use

370

(3)

Candidates for Uricosuric Therapy

373

(4)

References

377

(4)

24. Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors

381

(20)

Adel G. Fam

Introduction

381

(1)

Xanthine Oxidase

381

(1)

Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors

382

(14)

References

396

(5)

25. Urate Oxidase (Uricase)

401

(10)

Michael S. Hershfield and John S. Sundy

Introduction

401

(1)

Microbial Uricases

402

(1)

Uricases and Gout

403

(4)

Conclusion 407 References

407

(4)

26. Therapeutic Strategies for Calcium-Containing Crystal A rthropathies

411

(4)

Herman S. Cheung

Introduction

411

(1)

Current Status

412

(1)

Phosphocitrate: A Potential Therapeutic Agent

413

(1)

Phosphocitrate Inhibits the Biologic Effects of Crystals

414

(1)

In Vivo Therapeutic Effects of Phosphocitrate on In Vivo Models

414

(1)

Use of Molecular Modeling to Design the Next Generation of Therapeutic Agents

414

(1)

References

415

(4)

Index

419

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Crystal-Induced Arthropathies: Gout, Pseudogout and Apatite-Associated Syndromes

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