- ISBN: 9780470750148 | 0470750146
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 2/13/2012
The aim of the new edition of Crystallography and Crystal Defects will be to communicate the modern concepts of crystallography in a clear, succinct, manner and to put these concepts into use in the description of line and planar defects in crystalline materials, quasicrystals and crystal interfaces. The book will begin with a chapter on lattice geometry. The second and third chapters will present crystal systems and crystal structures. Tensors, stresses, strain and elasticity and plasticity in crystals will be discussed in chapters four to six, respectively. Chapters 7 and 8 will be dedicated to dislocations and dislocations in crystals. Point defects, deformation twinning and martensitic transformations will be covered in chapters nine to eleven. The book will conclude with a chapter on interfaces in crystals and the appendices.
Anthony Kelly is an Emeritus Professor and a Distinguished Research Fellow in the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy at Cambridge University (UK). Professor Kelly has been employed in universities, in governmental science (National Physical Laboratory) and in industry (ICI). He was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Surrey (UK) and while there he established the Surrey Research Park. In 1963 with Robin Nicholson he produced the first synthesis relating type of dispersion and work hardening characteristics of metals. This has become an SCI citation classic. Since 2000 his main research interest is in using composite principles to control and to modify the thermal expansion coefficients of materials. He is the principal author of the two previous very successful editions of "Crystallography and Crystal Defects" and of other books and has a worldwide reputation in materials science.
Dr. Kevin Knowles is senior lecturer at Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy at the University of Cambridge (UK). He received his DPhil at Oxon (UK) on aspects of the crystallography of martensitic transformations. Dr. Knowles has lectured and supervised a course on crystallography to third year undergraduates and he lectures and supervises a course on plasticity and deformation processing to undergraduates. The research interests of his group focus on the relationship between microstructure and the mechanical and electronic properties of engineering ceramics.
| Preface to the Second Edition | p. xiii |
| Perfect Crystals | p. 1 |
| Lattice Geometry | p. 3 |
| The Unit Cell | p. 3 |
| Lattice Planes and Directions | p. 7 |
| The Weiss Zone Law | p. 11 |
| Symmetry Elements | p. 14 |
| Translational Symmetry | p. 15 |
| Rotational Symmetry | p. 15 |
| Reflection Symmetry | p. 16 |
| Restrictions on Symmetry Elements | p. 16 |
| Possible Combinations of Rotational Symmetries | p. 21 |
| Crystal Systems | p. 26 |
| Space Lattices (Bravais Lattices) | p. 26 |
| Problems | p. 37 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 40 |
| References | p. 41 |
| Point Groups and Space Groups | p. 43 |
| Macroscopic Symmetry Elements | p. 43 |
| Orthorhombic System | p. 49 |
| Tetragonal System | p. 52 |
| Cubic System | p. 53 |
| Hexagonal System | p. 56 |
| Trigonal System | p. 59 |
| Monoclinic System | p. 63 |
| Triclinic System | p. 65 |
| Special Forms in the Crystal Classes | p. 67 |
| Enantiomorphous Crystal Classes | p. 68 |
| Laue Groups | p. 69 |
| Space Groups | p. 69 |
| Nomenclature for Point Groups and Space Groups | p. 78 |
| Groups, Subgroups and Supergroups | p. 79 |
| An Example of a Three-Dimensional Space Group | p. 79 |
| Problems | p. 82 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 84 |
| References | p. 84 |
| Crystal Structures | p. 85 |
| Introduction | p. 85 |
| Common Metallic Structures | p. 86 |
| Cubic Close-Packed (Fm3m) | p. 86 |
| Hexagonal Close-Packed (P63/mmc) | p. 90 |
| Double Hexagonal Close-Packed (P63/mmc) | p. 92 |
| Body-Centred Cubic (Im3m) | p. 92 |
| Related Metallic Structures | p. 93 |
| Indium (I4/mmm) | p. 93 |
| Mercury (R3m) | p. 94 |
| ß-Sn (I41/and) | p. 94 |
| Other Elements and Related Compounds | p. 95 |
| Diamond (Fd3m) | p. 95 |
| Graphite (P63/mmc) | p. 95 |
| Hexagonal Boron Nitride (P63/mmc) | p. 97 |
| Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth (R3m) | p. 97 |
| Simple MX and MX2 Compounds | p. 98 |
| Sodium Chloride, NaCl (Fm3m) | p. 98 |
| Caesium Chloride, CsCl (Pm3m) | p. 99 |
| Sphalerite, ¿-ZnS (F43m) | p. 100 |
| Wurtzite, ß-ZnS (P63mc) | p. 101 |
| Nickel Arsenide, NiAs (P63/mmc) | p. 101 |
| Calcium Fluoride, CaF2 (Fm3m) | p. 102 |
| Rutile, TiO2 (P42/mnm) | p. 103 |
| Other Inorganic Compounds | p. 104 |
| Perovskite (Pm3m) | p. 104 |
| ¿-Al2O3 (R3c), FeTiO3 (R3) and LiNbO3 (R3c) | p. 105 |
| Spinel (Fd3m), Inverse Spinel and Related Structures | p. 106 |
| Garnet (Ia3d) | p. 107 |
| Calcite, CaCO3 (R3c) | p. 109 |
| Interatomic Distances | p. 110 |
| Solid Solutions | p. 110 |
| Polymers | p. 113 |
| Additional Crystal Structures and their Designation | p. 116 |
| Problems | p. 119 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 121 |
| References | p. 122 |
| Amorphous Materials and Special Types of Crystal-Solid Aggregates | p. 123 |
| introduction | p. 123 |
| Amorphous Materials | p. 123 |
| Liquid Crystals | p. 126 |
| Nematic Phases | p. 127 |
| Cholesteric Phases | p. 129 |
| Smectic Phases | p. 129 |
| Geometry of Polyhedra | p. 129 |
| Icosahedral Packing | p. 134 |
| Quasicrystals | p. 135 |
| A Little Recent History and a New Definition | p. 136 |
| Incommensurate Structures | p. 137 |
| Foams, Porous Materials and Cellular Materials | p. 137 |
| Problems | p. 139 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 139 |
| References | p. 140 |
| Tensors | p. 141 |
| Nature of a Tensor | p. 141 |
| Transformation of Components of a Vector | p. 142 |
| Dummy Suffix Notation | p. 145 |
| Transformation of Components of a Second-Rank Tensor | p. 146 |
| Definition of a Tensor of the Second Rank | p. 148 |
| Tensor, of the Second Rank Referred to Principal Axes | p. 149 |
| Limitations Imposed by Crystal Symmetry for Second-Rank Tensors | p. 153 |
| Representation Quadric | p. 155 |
| Radius-Normal Property of the Representation Quadric | p. 159 |
| Third- and Fourth-Rank Tensors | p. 161 |
| Problems | p. 161 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 163 |
| References | p. 163 |
| Strain, Stress, Piezoelectricity and Elasticity | p. 165 |
| Strain: Introduction | p. 165 |
| Infinitesimal Strain | p. 166 |
| Stress | p. 170 |
| Piezoelectricity | p. 177 |
| Class 2 | p. 179 |
| Class 222 | p. 179 |
| Class 23 | p. 180 |
| Class 432 | p. 180 |
| The Converse Effect | p. 181 |
| Elasticity of Crystals | p. 181 |
| Class 1 | p. 184 |
| Class 2 | p. 135 |
| Class 222 | p. 185 |
| Class 23 | p. 186 |
| Problems | p. 193 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 196 |
| References | p. 196 |
| Imperfect Crystals | p. 197 |
| Glide and Texture | p. 199 |
| Translation Glide | p. 199 |
| Glide Elements | p. 203 |
| Independent Slip Systems | p. 208 |
| Large Strains of Single Crystals: The Choice of Glide System | p. 218 |
| Large Strains: The Change in the Orientation of the Lattice During Glide | p. 222 |
| Texture | p. 228 |
| Problems | p. 235 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 237 |
| References | p. 237 |
| Dislocations | p. 241 |
| Introduction | p. 241 |
| Dislocation Motion | p. 247 |
| The Force on a Dislocation | p. 249 |
| The Distortion in a Dislocated Crystal | p. 253 |
| Atom Positions Close to a Dislocation | p. 258 |
| The Interaction of Dislocations with One Another | p. 261 |
| Problems | p. 265 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 266 |
| References | p. 267 |
| Dislocations in Crystals | p. 269 |
| The Strain Energy of a Dislocation | p. 269 |
| Stacking Faults and Partial Dislocations | p. 277 |
| Dislocations in C.C.P. Metals | p. 280 |
| Dislocations in the Rock Salt Structure | p. 288 |
| Dislocations in Hexagonal Metals | p. 290 |
| Dislocations in B.C.C. Crystals | p. 295 |
| Dislocations in Some Covalent Solids | p. 297 |
| Dislocations in Other Crystal Structures | p. 301 |
| Problems | p. 301 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 303 |
| References | p. 303 |
| Point Defects | p. 305 |
| Introduction | p. 305 |
| Point Defects in Ionic Crystals | p. 309 |
| Point Defect Aggregates | p. 310 |
| Point Defect Configurations | p. 312 |
| Experiments on Point Defects in Equilibrium | p. 317 |
| Experiments on Quenched Metals | p. 321 |
| Radiation Damage | p. 324 |
| Anelasticity and Point Defect Symmetry | p. 326 |
| Problems | p. 329 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 331 |
| References | p. 331 |
| Twinning | p. 335 |
| Introduction | p. 335 |
| Description of Deformation Twinning | p. 337 |
| Examples of Twin Structures | p. 342 |
| C.C.P. Metals | p. 342 |
| B.C.C. Metals | p. 342 |
| Sphalerite (Zinc Blende) | p. 344 |
| Calcite | p. 345 |
| Hexagonal Metals | p. 346 |
| Graphite | p. 346 |
| Twinning Elements | p. 350 |
| The Morphology of Deformation Twinning | p. 354 |
| Problems | p. 358 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 360 |
| References | p. 360 |
| Martensitic Transformations | p. 363 |
| Introduction | p. 363 |
| General Crystallographic Features | p. 364 |
| Transformation in Cobalt | p. 366 |
| Transformation in Zirconium | p. 369 |
| Transformation of Indium-Thallium Alloys | p. 374 |
| Transformations in Steels | p. 379 |
| Transformations in Copper Alloys | p. 382 |
| Transformations in Ni-Ti-Based Alloys | p. 383 |
| Transformations in Nonmetals | p. 384 |
| Crystallographic Aspects of Nucleation and Growth | p. 385 |
| Problems | p. 387 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 388 |
| References | p. 389 |
| Crystal Interfaces | p. 391 |
| The Structure of Surfaces and Surface Free Energy | p. 391 |
| Structure and Energy of Grain Boundaries | p. 397 |
| Interface Junctions | p. 409 |
| The Shapes of Crystals and Grains | p. 414 |
| Boundaries between Different Phases | p. 420 |
| Strained Layer Epitaxy of Semiconductors | p. 424 |
| Problems | p. 429 |
| Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 431 |
| References | p. 431 |
| Crystallographic Calculations | p. 435 |
| Vector Algebra | p. 435 |
| The Scalar Product | p. 436 |
| The Vector Product | p. 438 |
| The Reciprocal Lattice | p. 440 |
| Matrices | p. 443 |
| Rotation Matrices and Unit Quaternions | p. 448 |
| References | p. 449 |
| The Stereographic Projection | p. 451 |
| Principles | p. 451 |
| Constructions | p. 455 |
| To Construct a Small Circle | p. 455 |
| To Find the Opposite of a Pole | p. 458 |
| To Draw a Great Circle through Two Poles | p. 458 |
| To Find the Pole of a Great Circle | p. 459 |
| To Measure the Angle between two Poles on an inclined Great Circle | p. 460 |
| Constructions with the Wulff Net | p. 460 |
| Two-Surface Analysis | p. 464 |
| Proof of the Properties of the Stereographic Projection | p. 465 |
| References | p. 468 |
| Interplanar Spacings and Interplanar Angles | p. 469 |
| Interplanar Spacings | p. 469 |
| Triclinic | p. 470 |
| Monoclinic | p. 470 |
| Orthorhombic | p. 470 |
| Trigonal | p. 471 |
| Tetragonal | p. 471 |
| Hexagonal | p. 471 |
| Cubic | p. 471 |
| Interplanar Angles | p. 472 |
| Orthorhombic | p. 472 |
| Hexagonal | p. 472 |
| Cubic | p. 472 |
| Transformation of Indices Following a Change of Unit Cell | p. 473 |
| Change of Indices of Directions | p. 473 |
| Change of Indices of Planes | p. 475 |
| Example 1: Interchange of Hexagonal and Orthorhombic Indices for Hexagonal Crystals | p. 476 |
| Example 2: Interchange of Rhombohedral and Hexagonal Indices | p. 477 |
| Slip Systems in C.C.P. and B.C.C. Crystals | p. 481 |
| Independent Glide Systems in C.C.P. Metals | p. 481 |
| Example: Slip Along [110] on the (111) Slip Plane | p. 481 |
| Number of Independent Glide Systems | p. 482 |
| Diehl's Rule and the OILS Rule | p. 483 |
| Use of Diehl's Rule for {111} <110> Slip (Such as C.C.P. Metals) | p. 484 |
| Use of Diehl's Rule for {110} <111> Slip (Such as B.C.C. Metals) | p. 484 |
| The OILS Rule | p. 484 |
| Proof of Diehl's Rule and the OILS Rule | p. 485 |
| References | p. 486 |
| Homogeneous Strain | p. 487 |
| Simple Extension | p. 488 |
| Simple Shear | p. 488 |
| Pure Shear | p. 489 |
| The Relationship between Pure Shear and Simple Shear | p. 489 |
| Crystal Structure Data | p. 491 |
| Crystal Structures of the Elements, Interatomic Distances and Six-Fold Coordination-Number Ionic Radii | p. 491 |
| Crystals with the Sodium Chloride Structure | p. 495 |
| Crystals with the Caesium Chloride Structure | p. 496 |
| Crystals with the Sphalerite Structure | p. 497 |
| Crystals with the Wurtzite Structure | p. 497 |
| Crystals with the Nickel Arsenide Structure | p. 497 |
| Crystals with the Fluorite Structure | p. 498 |
| Crystals with the Rutile Structure | p. 498 |
| Further Resources | p. 499 |
| Useful Web Sites | p. 499 |
| Computer Software Packages | p. 499 |
| Brief Solutions to Selected Problems | p. 501 |
| Index | p. 509 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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