Culture and Equality

All major Western countries contain groups that differ from the mainstream and from each other in religious beliefs, customary practices, or cultural ideas. How should public policy respond to this diversity? Brian Barry challenges the currently orthodox answer and develops a powerful restatement of an egalitarian liberalism for the twenty-first century.

Preface

viii

Part I Multiculturalism and Equal Treatment

Introduction

3

(16)

Losing Our Way

3

(6)

The Flight from Enlightenment

9

(8)

A Brief Overview

17

(2)

The Strategy of Privatization

19

(44)

Cultural Diversity

19

(5)

Privatization and Pluralism

24

(8)

Equal Treatment

32

(8)

The Rule-and-Exemption Approach

40

(10)

A Pragmatic Case for Exemptions

50

(4)

Culture and Job Discrimination

54

(9)

The Dynamics of Identity: Assimilation, Acculturation and Difference

63

(49)

Vive la Difference?

63

(5)

Liberalism and the `Ideal of Assimilation'

68

(4)

Assimilation: Good, Bad or Indifferent?

72

(5)

Varieties of National Identity

77

(4)

National Identity in Practice

81

(9)

The Dodo's Dictum

90

(8)

The `Myth of Merit'

98

(5)

Language and Opportunity

103

(9)

Part II Multiculturalism and Groups

Theories of Group Rights

112

(43)

The Concept of a Group Right

112

(6)

Liberalism and Autonomy

118

(5)

Liberalism and Diversity

123

(8)

Cultural Relativism and Toleration

131

(15)

Outline of a Theory of Group Rights

146

(9)

Liberal States and Illiberal Religions

155

(39)

The Claims of Free Association

155

(7)

An Alternative Approach

162

(3)

The Limits of Toleration

165

(4)

In Defence of `Asymmetry'

169

(7)

The Amish and the State

176

(11)

Are Amish Communities Voluntary Associations?

187

(7)

The Public Stake in the Arts and Education

194

(58)

The Limits of Laissez-Faire

194

(5)

Can Liberalism Cope with Children?

199

(6)

The Locus of Decision-Making

205

(7)

Functional Education

212

(9)

Education for Living

221

(4)

Societal Interests in Education

225

(8)

Multicultural Education

233

(5)

Parental Rights in Education

238

(14)

Part III Multiculturalism, Universalism and Egalitarianism

The Abuse of `Culture'

252

(40)

`It's a Part of My Culture'

252

(6)

Up the Creek in the Black Canoe

258

(6)

The Equal Value of Cultures

264

(7)

Does Equal Treatment Require Equal Value?

271

(8)

The Limits of Conventionalism

279

(5)

The Limits of Universalism

284

(8)

The Politics of Multiculturalism

292

(37)

The Curious Political Success of Multiculturalism

292

(7)

Multiculturalism versus Democracy

299

(6)

If Multiculturalism Is the Answer, What Was the Question?

305

(12)

Culture versus Equality

317

(12)

Notes

329

(43)

Index

372

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Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials