Culture, Society, and Cognition

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ISBN: 9783110206074 | 3110206072
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/30/2008

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"In this book a pragmatics approach leads to a new understanding of culture as a system of parallel distributed cognition and its role vis-a-vis society. "Cultural models" relate actions to goals, values, emotional content, and context, and allow both systematic productivity and systematic variation across cultural and subcultural groups. They form the basic units of culturation action. Culture is shown to be a tool that people use rather than something deeply internalized in their psyches."--BOOK JACKET.

Introduction	p. 1
Culture as a system of distributed cognition	p. 3
Contemporary anthropological concerns	p. 3
Framing notions	p. 4
The language-culture interface	p. 4
The social nature of language and culture	p. 5
Pragmatics	p. 7
Meaning: semantics and pragmatics	p. 7
Pragmatics proper	p. 9
Academic context	p. 10
Putnam	p. 10
Wittgenstein	p. 17
Berger and Luckman	p. 17
Sperber	p. 18
Cognitive anthropology	p. 27
Systems of cultural knowledge including cultural models, cultural conceptual systems, and others	p. 27
Historical frame	p. 28
Cultural models	p. 30
Strauss and Quinn	p. 31
Other context and background	p. 35
A note on individual structures	p. 37
Background and history	p. 40
Durkheimian collective representations: A distributed cognition perspective	p. 40
Appendix: selected quotations from Durkheim's The Rules of Sociological Method (1938)	p. 45
A system of mental entities - as in Saussure	p. 45
System of generative patterns	p. 45
The crowd as a minimal simple example, a microcosm, of a society	p. 45
A collective emotion	p. 46
Universality	p. 46
Regarding the possibility of a "Social Psychology"	p. 46
Anthropological studies of routine decision making	p. 47
Christina and Hugh Gladwin	p. 47
James Young	p. 49
Carol Mukhopadhyay	p. 50
Robert Randall	p. 51
Stuart Plattner	p. 53
Comparison: Decision theory with simulation approaches	p. 54
General cognitive background	p. 56
Mode of intellectual functioning	p. 56
Cognitive schemas	p. 57
Piagetian stages	p. 57
Gombrichian conventions	p. 58
Piaget's paradigm	p. 60
Basic framework	p. 60
The stages	p. 62
Piaget vs. other cognitive psychology	p. 64
Gombrich's approach: Art and Illusion	p. 65
Schank & Abelson 1977: Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding	p. 68
Hutchins: Culture and Inference	p. 72
Language to culture-building from Kronenfeld's semantic theory	p. 74
Culture and society	p. 76
Culture as Distributed Cognition	p. 83
Representations - collective and individual	p. 83
Culture	p. 85
The issue is not "internalization"	p. 88
Culture and language	p. 90
Parallel distributed processing and decentralization	p. 93
The role of culture	p. 97
Biological bases, mammalian sociability, and the social origins of human intelligence	p. 100
What culture gives us	p. 101
What makes culture socially systematic	p. 102
An agent-based approach to cultural (and linguistic) change: Examples	p. 106
"Pen"	p. 108
"Cousin"	p. 110
"Sibling"	p. 112
"Jew"	p. 114
Society (with a note on the self)	p. 120
Society: issues	p. 120
Society: Kronenfeld view	p. 130
Identity and self, loyalty	p. 133
A general overview	p. 133
Self	p. 134
Loyalty	p. 136
Ethnicity	p. 138
Summary	p. 145
The social construction of ethnicity: Intuition, authenticity, authenticators-the Sami example	p. 149
The Sami example	p. 149
Other Sami thoughts	p. 155
Problems and issues	p. 158
Distributed cognition	p. 159
Some kinds of cultural knowledge-a non-exhaustive list	p. 162
The current state of the art	p. 163
Cultural models	p. 164
Empirical validation	p. 165
Form	p. 166
Structure and content	p. 167
Function	p. 167
Existence status	p. 169
How constructed	p. 169
Prediction	p. 170
How used	p. 171
Cultural models vs. systems of classification	p. 172
Cultural models, language, and communication	p. 173
More on the content of cultural models	p. 175
Cultural models and culture	p. 176
Collective knowledge	p. 176
Collective representations and social "others"	p. 176
Learned without being taught	p. 177
Cognitive hierarchy	p. 178
Social complexity	p. 178
Presupposition of sharing	p. 182
Productivity, form, and application	p. 182
Function and use	p. 184
"Application" or "invocation"	p. 188
Illustrative examples	p. 189
Calculating and applying kinterms in Fanti	p. 189
The example	p. 189
Implications of the example	p. 190
The stages of instantiation and English kin	p. 194
Cultural models and romantic love	p. 195
Problems - messages vs. codes	p. 198
Shared "codes" and individual "messages"	p. 198
Nature of cultural models, and their relationship to psychological schemas	p. 200
Cultural models are social	p. 202
Cultural models are shared and distributed	p. 203
Role, nature, and functioning of cultural values	p. 204
Aspects and attributes of cultural models	p. 205
Prototypes and prototypicality	p. 205
Alternative or conflicting cultural models	p. 208
Degrees and aspects of specificity of cultural models	p. 209
Where we have good vs. weak vs. no cultural models	p. 210
Rules for breaking rules	p. 210
Variability in cultural models	p. 211
Instantiation issues in apparent variability or vagueness of cultural models	p. 211
Variability in cultural models vs. in individuals' knowledge of them	p. 212
Conformity	p. 214
Collective representations reprise	p. 214
Looking back	p. 215
Whither now	p. 217
Other theoretical issues and relationships	p. 219
Cultural models - truth status	p. 219
Theoretical models and empirical tests	p. 221
Culture as a mixed structure: empirical implications	p. 221
Behavioral models and analytic regularities	p. 222
Empirical tests	p. 223
Some further methodological thoughts	p. 224
What seem pressing empirical issues	p. 225
Neural networks	p. 225
Illustrative examples: cultural models	p. 227
Cultural models: empirical examples	p. 227
Image studies	p. 228
An extended example: Ranches, rangeland, and environmental cultural models	p. 237
Introduction	p. 237
Empirical testing of cultural models	p. 238
What is a ranch?	p. 239
Environmental categories	p. 241
A use category	p. 244
Environmental health and conflict	p. 245
Forms of cultural models and action	p. 247
Gregory Bateson: Pulling it all together	p. 250
Bateson's Naven	p. 250
Bateson's system	p. 251
Cultural models	p. 256
Some lessons from Bateson	p. 257
How it all goes together	p. 257
Eidos and cultural models	p. 258
Some concluding reactions to Naven	p. 259
Sociology and culture	p. 259
Levels of analysis - a demurrer	p. 260
References	p. 263
Index	p. 275
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Culture, Society, and Cognition

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