Cultures and Organizations : Software for the Mind

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ISBN: 9780071439596 | 0071439595
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 9/12/2004

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The landmark study of cultural differences across 70 nations,Cultures and Organizationshelps readers look at how theythinkand how they fail to thinkas members of groups.Based on decades of painstaking field research, this new editionfeatures the latest scientific results published in Geert Hofstede'sscholarly workCulture's Consequences, Second Edition. Originalin thought and profoundly important, Cultures and Organizationsoffers vital knowledge and insight on issues that willshape the future of cultures and nations in a globalized world.

Preface

Introduction: The Rules of the Social Game

(38)

Different Minds but Common Problems

(1)

Culture as Mental Programming

(3)

Cultural Relativism

(1)

Symbols, Heroes, Rituals, and Values

(3)

Culture Reproduces Itself

(1)

Layers of Culture

(1)

Culture Change: Changing Practices, Stable Values

(2)

Prehistory of Culture

(3)

Sources of Cultural Diversity and Change

(2)

National Culture Differences

(1)

National Cultures or National Institutions?

(1)

What About National Management Cultures?

(1)

Measuring Values

(1)

Dimensions of National Cultures

(3)

Replications of the IBM Research

(3)

Using Correlations

(1)

Adding a Fifth Dimension

(2)

Validation of the Country Culture Scores Against Other Measures

(1)

Other Classifications of National Cultures

(3)

Cultural Differences According to Region, Ethnicity, Religion, Gender, Generation, and Class

(1)

Organizational Cultures

(1)

Summing Up: Culture as a Phoenix

(3)

PART I Dimensions of National Cultures

More Equal Than Others

(34)

Inequality in Society

(1)

Measuring the Degree of Inequality in Society: The Power Distance Index

(4)

Power Distance Defined

(2)

Power Distance in Replication Studies

(1)

Power Distance Differences Within Countries: Social Class, Education Level, and Occupation

(3)

Measures Associated with Power Distance: The Structure in This and Following Chapters

(1)

Power Distance Difference Between Countries: Roots in the Family

(2)

Power Distance at School

(2)

Power Distance in the Workplace

(3)

Power Distance and the State

(4)

Power Distance and Corruption

(1)

Power Distance and Ideas

(3)

Origins of Power Distance Differences

(4)

The Future of Power Distance Differences

(3)

I, We, and They

(42)

The Individual and the Collective in Society

(1)

Measuring the Degree of Individualism in Society

(5)

Individualism and Collectivism in Other Cross-National Studies

(2)

Are Individualism and Collectivism One or Two Dimensions?

(1)

Collectivism Versus Power Distance

(3)

Individualism and Collectivism According to Occupation

(1)

Individualism and Collectivism in the Family

(6)

Language, Personality, and Behavior in Individualist and Collectivist Cultures

(4)

Individualism and Collectivism at School

(3)

Individualism and Collectivism in the Workplace

(4)

Individualism, Collectivism, and the State

103

(3)

Individualism, Collectivism, and Ideas

106

(4)

Origins of Individualism-Collectivism Differences

110

(4)

The Future of Individualism and Collectivism

114

(1)

He, She, and (S)he

115

(48)

Assertiveness Versus Modesty

116

(1)

Genders and Gender Roles

116

(2)

Masculinity-Femininity as a Dimension of Societal Culture

118

(4)

Masculinity and Femininity in Other Cross-National Studies

122

(1)

Masculinity Versus Individualism

123

(2)

Are Masculinity and Femininity One or Two Dimensions?

125

(1)

Country Masculinity Scores by Gender and Gender Scores by Age

125

(2)

Masculinity and Femininity According to Occupation

127

(1)

Masculinity and Femininity in the Family

128

(3)

Masculinity and Femininity in Gender Roles and Sex

131

(4)

Masculinity and Femininity in Education

135

(5)

Masculinity and Femininity in Shopping

140

(1)

Masculinity and Femininity in the Workplace

141

(5)

Masculinity, Femininity, and the State

146

(6)

Masculinity, Femininity, and Religion

152

(4)

Origins of Masculinity-Femininity Differences

156

(4)

The Future of Differences in Masculinity and Femininity

160

(3)

What Is Different Is Dangerous

163

(44)

The Avoidance of Uncertainty

164

(2)

Measuring the (In)tolerance of Ambiguity in Society: The Uncertainty Avoidance Index

166

(4)

Uncertainty Avoidance and Anxiety

170

(2)

Uncertainty Avoidance Is Not the Same as Risk Avoidance

172

(1)

Uncertainty Avoidance According to Occupation, Gender, and Age

173

(1)

Uncertainty Avoidance in the Family

174

(3)

Uncertainty Avoidance, Happiness, and Health

177

(1)

Uncertainty Avoidance at School

178

(2)

Uncertainty Avoidance in Shopping

180

(2)

Uncertainty Avoidance in the Workplace

182

(4)

Uncertainty Avoidance, Masculinity, and Motivation

186

(4)

Uncertainty Avoidance, the Citizen, and the State

190

(5)

Uncertainty Avoidance, Xenophobia, and Nationalism

195

(2)

Uncertainty Avoidance, Religion, and Ideas

197

(5)

Origins of Uncertainty Avoidance Differences

202

(2)

The Future of Uncertainty Avoidance Differences

204

(3)

Yesterday, Now, or Later?

207

(34)

National Values and the Teachings of Confucius

208

(2)

Long-and Short-Term-Oriented National Cultures

210

(3)

Long-and Short-Term Orientation and the Family

213

(2)

Long-and Short-Term Orientation and School

215

(2)

Long-and Short-Term Orientation, Work, and Business

217

(4)

Long-and Short-Term Orientation and Economic Growth

221

(3)

Economic Growth and Politics

224

(3)

Long-and Short-Term Orientation and Rates of Imprisonment

227

(1)

Long-and Short-Term Orientation, Religion, and Ways of Thinking

228

(5)

Fundamentalisms as Short-Term Orientation

233

(1)

Short-Term Orientation in Africa

234

(3)

The Future of Long- and Short-Term Orientation

237

(4)

PART II Cultures in Organizations

Pyramids, Machines, Markets, and Families: Organizing Across Nations

241

(38)

Implicit Models of Organizations

242

(6)

Management Professors Are Human

248

(4)

Culture and Organizational Structure: Elaborating on Mintzberg

252

(3)

Planning, Control, and Accounting

255

(5)

Corporate Governance and Business Goals

260

(4)

Motivation Theories and Practices

264

(4)

Leadership, Decision Making, and Empowerment

268

(4)

Performance Appraisal and Management by Objectives

272

(2)

Management Training and Organization Development

274

(1)

Conclusion: Nationality Defines Organizational Rationality

275

(4)

The Elephant and the Stork: Organizational Cultures

279

(40)

The Organizational Culture Craze

281

(3)

Differences Between Organizational and National Cultures: The IRIC Project

284

(3)

Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches in the IRIC Project

287

(2)

Results of the In-Depth Interviews: The SAS Case

289

(2)

Results of the Survey: Six Dimensions of Organizational Cultures

291

(5)

The Scope for Competitive Advantages in Cultural Matters

296

(2)

Organizational Culture and Other Organizational Characteristics

298

(4)

Organizational Subcultures

302

(2)

Individual Perceptions of Organizational Cultures: Flowers, Bouquets, and Gardens

304

(2)

Occupational Cultures

306

(1)

Conclusions from the IRIC Research Project: Dimensions Versus Gestalts

307

(2)

Managing (with) Organizational Culture

309

(10)

PART III Implications

Intercultural Encounters

319

(44)

Intended Versus Unintended Intercultural Conflict

320

(3)

Culture Shock and Acculturation

323

(3)

Ethnocentrism and Xenophilia

326

(1)

Group Encounters: Auto- and Heterostereotypes

326

(1)

Language and Humor

327

(3)

The Influence of Communication Technologies

330

(1)

Intercultural Encounters in Tourism

331

(1)

Intercultural Encounters in Schools

331

(3)

Minorities, Migrants, and Refugees

334

(4)

Intercultural Negotiations

338

(3)

Multinational Business Organizations

341

(3)

Coordinating Multinationals: Structure Should Follow Culture

344

(2)

Expanding Multinationals: International Mergers and Other Ventures

346

(3)

International Marketing, Advertising, and Consumer Behavior

349

(2)

International Politics and International Organizations

351

(4)

Economic Development, Nondevelopment, and Development Cooperation

355

(3)

Learning Intercultural Communication

358

(5)

Surviving in a Multicultural World

363

(14)

The Message of This Book

363

(2)

The Moral Issue

365

(1)

Cultural Convergence and Divergence

366

(1)

Educating for Intercultural Understanding: Suggestions for Parents

367

(1)

Coping with Cultural Differences: Suggestions for Managers

368

(1)

Spreading Multicultural Understanding: Suggestions for the Media

369

(1)

Reading Mental Programs: Suggestions for Researchers

370

(1)

Global Challenges Call for Intercultural Cooperation

371

(6)

Endnotes

377

(22)

Glossary

399

(6)

Bibliography

405

(18)

Name Index

423

(6)

Subject Index

429

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Cultures and Organizations : Software for the Mind

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials