Cybersecurity Risk Management Mastering the Fundamentals using the NIST Cybersecurity Framework

In Cybersecurity Risk Management: Mastering the Fundamentals Using the NIST Cybersecurity Framework, veteran technology analyst Cynthia Brumfield, with contributions from cybersecurity expert Brian Haugli, delivers a straightforward and up-to-date exploration of the fundamentals of cybersecurity risk planning and management. The book offers readers easy-to-understand overviews of cybersecurity risk management principles, user, and network infrastructure planning, as well as the tools and techniques for detecting cyberattacks. The book also provides a roadmap to the development of a continuity of operations plan in the event of a cyberattack.

With incisive insights into the Framework for Improving Cybersecurity of Critical Infrastructure produced by the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Cybersecurity Risk Management presents the gold standard in practical guidance for the implementation of risk management best practices.

Filled with clear and easy-to-follow advice, this book also offers readers:

• A concise introduction to the principles of cybersecurity risk management and the steps necessary to manage digital risk to systems, assets, data, and capabilities
• A valuable exploration of modern tools that can improve an organization’s network infrastructure protection
• A practical discussion of the challenges involved in detecting and responding to a cyberattack and the importance of continuous security monitoring
• A helpful examination of the recovery from cybersecurity incidents

Perfect for undergraduate and graduate students studying cybersecurity, Cybersecurity Risk Management is also an ideal resource for IT professionals working in private sector and government organizations worldwide who are considering implementing, or who may be required to implement, the NIST Framework at their organization.

Cynthia Brumfield, President DCT Associates and Cybersecurity Columnist, Washington, DC, USA. Cynthia Brumfield is a veteran media, communications and technology analyst. Backed by extensive experience in the cable, telecommunications, content, technology, utility and publishing fields, Ms. Brumfield has authored dozens of studies, white papers and analyses, and held numerous events, for The Media Institute, the National Cable & Telecommunications Association, Paul Kagan Associates, the Utilities Telecom Council and numerous clients in the media and communications sector. Since 2012 she has focused almost exclusively on the emerging field of information security, writing extensively for private clients, her own blog and CSO Magazine, producing a series of articles tracking the development of the NIST Cybersecurity Framework through attendance at all of the in-depth workshops that led to the development of the Framework. She has also authored a series of eight cybersecurity courses for the National Association of Broadcasters, including six certificate courses, on broadcasting cybersecurity, which launched in November 2018.

Brian Haugli, Managing Partner and Co-Founder, Side Channel Security. Brian has been driving security programs for two decades and brings a true practitioner's approach to the industry. He creates a more realistic way to address information security and data protection issues for organizations. Brian is a renowned speaker and expert on NIST guidance, threat intelligence implementations, and strategic organizational initiatives.

Academic Foreword xiii

Acknowledgments xv

Preface – Overview of the NIST Framework xvii

Background on the Framework xviii

Framework Based on Risk Management xix

The Framework Core xix

Framework Implementation Tiers xxi

Framework Profile xxii

Other Aspects of the Framework Document xxiii

Recent Developments At Nist xxiii

Chapter 1 Cybersecurity Risk Planning and Management 1

Introduction 2

I. What Is Cybersecurity Risk Management? 2

A. Risk Management Is a Process 3

II. Asset Management 4

A. Inventory Every Physical Device and System You Have and Keep the Inventory Updated 5

B. Inventory Every Software Platform and Application You Use and Keep the Inventory Updated 9

C. Prioritize Every Device, Software Platform, and Application Based on Importance 10

D. Establish Personnel Security Requirements Including Third-Party Stakeholders 11

III. Governance 13

A. Make Sure You Educate Management about Risks 13

IV. Risk Assessment and Management 15

A. Know Where You’re Vulnerable 15

B. Identify the Threats You Face, Both Internally and Externally 16

C. Focus on the Vulnerabilities and Threats That Are Most Likely AND Pose the Highest Risk to Assets 17

D. Develop Plans for Dealing with the Highest Risks 18

Summary 20

Chapter Quiz 20

Essential Reading on Cybersecurity Risk Management 22

Chapter 2 User and Network Infrastructure Planning and Management 23

I. Introduction 24

II. Infrastructure Planning and Management Is All about Protection, Where the Rubber Meets the Road 24

A. Identity Management, Authentication, and Access Control 25

1. Always Be Aware of Who Has Access to Which System, for Which Period of Time, and from Where the Access Is Granted 27

2. Establish, Maintain, and Audit an Active Control List and Process for Who Can Physically Gain Access to Systems 28

3. Establish Policies, Procedures, and Controls for Who Has Remote Access to Systems 28

4. Make Sure That Users Have the Least Authority Possible to Perform Their Jobs and Ensure That at Least Two Individuals Are Responsible for a Task 29

5. Implement Network Security Controls on All Internal Communications, Denying Communications among Various Segments Where Necessary 31

A Word about Firewalls 31

6. Associate Activities with a Real Person or a Single Specific Entity 32

7. Use Single- or Multi-Factor Authentication Based on the Risk Involved in the Interaction 33

III. Awareness and Training 34

A. Make Sure That Privileged Users and Security Personnel Understand Their Roles and Responsibilities 35

IV. Data Security 35

A. Protect the Integrity of Active and Archived Databases 35

B. Protect the Confidentiality and Integrity of Corporate Data Once It Leaves Internal Networks 36

C. Assure That Information Can Only Be Accessed by Those Authorized to Do So and Protect Hardware and Storage Media 37

D. Keep Your Development and Testing Environments Separate from Your Production Environment 38

E. Implement Checking Mechanisms to Verify Hardware Integrity 39

V. Information Protection Processes and Procedures 39

A. Create a Baseline of IT and OT Systems 40

B. Manage System Configuration Changes in a Careful, Methodical Way 41

A Word about Patch Management 42

C. Perform Frequent Backups and Test Your Backup Systems Often 43

D. Create a Plan That Focuses on Ensuring That Assets and Personnel Will Be Able to Continue to Function in the Event of a Crippling Attack or Disaster 43

VI. Mainte nance 44

A. Perform Maintenance and Repair of Assets and Log Activities Promptly 45

B. Develop Criteria for Authorizing, Monitoring, and Controlling All Maintenance and Diagnostic Activities for Third Parties 45

VII. Protective Technology 46

A. Restrict the Use of Certain Types of Media On Your Systems 46

B. Wherever Possible, Limit Functionality to a Single Function Per Device (Least Functionality) 47

C. Implement Mechanisms to Achieve Resilience on Shared Infrastructure 48

Summary 49

Chapter Quiz 50

Essential Reading on Network Management 51

Chapter 3 Tools and Techniques for Detecting Cyber Incidents 53

Introduction 54

What Is an Incident? 55

I. Detect 56

A. Anomalies and Events 56

1. Establish Baseline Data for Normal, Regular Traffic Activity and Standard Configuration for Network Devices 57

2. Monitor Systems with Intrusion Detection Systems and Establish a Way of Sending and Receiving Notifications of Detected Events; Establish a Means of Verifying, Assessing, and Tracking the Source of Anomalies 58

A Word about Antivirus Software 60

3. Deploy One or More Centralized Log File Monitors and Configure Logging Devices throughout the Organization to Send Data Back to the Centralized Log Monitor 61

4. Determine the Impact of Events Both Before and After they Occur 61

5. Develop a Threshold for How Many Times an Event Can Occur Before You Take Action 62

B. Continuous Monitoring 62

1. Develop Strategies for Detecting Breaches as Soon as Possible, Emphasizing Continuous Surveillance of Systems through Network Monitoring 63

2. Ensure That Appropriate Access to the Physical Environment Is Monitored, Most Likely through Electronic Monitoring or Alarm Systems 64

3. Monitor Employee Behavior in Terms of Both Physical and Electronic Access to Detect Unauthorized Access 65

4. Develop a System for Ensuring That Software Is Free of Malicious Code through Software Code Inspection and Vulnerability Assessments 65

5. Monitor Mobile Code Applications (e.g., Java Applets) for Malicious Activity by Authenticating the Codes’ Origins, Verifying their Integrity, and Limiting the Actions they Can Perform 66

6. Evaluate a Provider’s Internal and External Controls’ Adequacy and Ensure they Develop and Adhere to Appropriate Policies, Procedures, and Standards; Consider the Results of Internal and External Audits 66

7. Monitor Employee Activity for Security Purposes and Assess When Unauthorized Access Occurs 67

8. Use Vulnerability Scanning Tools to Find Your Organization’s Weaknesses 68

C. Detection Processes 68

1. Establish a Clear Delineation between Network and Security Detection, with the Networking Group and the Security Group Having Distinct and Different Responsibilities 69

2. Create a Formal Detection Oversight and Control Management Function; Define Leadership for a Security Review, Operational Roles, and a Formal Organizational Plan; Train Reviewers to Perform Their Duties Correctly and Implement the Review Process 70

3. Test Detection Processes Either Manually or in an Automated Fashion in Conformance with the Organization’s Risk Assessment 71

4. Inform Relevant Personnel Who Must Use Data or Network Security Information about What Is Happening and Otherwise Facilitate Organizational Communication 71

5. Document the Process for Event Detection to Improve the Organization’s Detection Systems 72

Summary 72

Chapter Quiz 73

Essential Reading for Tools and Techniques for Detecting a Cyberattack 74

Chapter 4 Developing a Continuity of Operations Plan 75

Introduction 77

A. One Size Does Not Fit All 77

I. Response 77

A. Develop an Executable Response Plan 79

B. Understand the Importance of Communications in Incident Response 80

C. Prepare for Corporate-Wide Involvement During Some Cybersecurity Attacks 81

II. Analysis 82

A. Examine Your Intrusion Detection System in Analyzing an Incident 82

B. Understand the Impact of the Event 83

C. Gather and Preserve Evidence 84

D. Prioritize the Treatment of the Incident Consistent with Your Response Plan 84

E. Establish Processes for Handling Vulnerability Disclosures 85

III. Mitigation 86

A. Take Steps to Contain the Incident 86

B. Decrease the Threat Level by Eliminating or Intercepting the Adversary as Soon as the Incident Occurs 87

C. Mitigate Vulnerabilities or Designate Them as Accepted Risk 88

IV. Recover 88

A. Recovery Plan Is Executed During or After a Cybersecurity Incident 89

B. Update Recovery Procedures Based on New Information as Recovery Gets Underway 91

C. Develop Relationships with Media to Accurately Disseminate Information and Engage in Reputational Damage Limitation 92

Summary 92

Chapter Quiz 93

Essential Reading for Developing a Continuity of Operations Plan 94

Chapter 5 Supply Chain Risk Management 95

Introduction 96

I. NIST Special Publication 800-161 96

II. Software Bill of Materials 97

III. NIST Revised Framework Incorporates Major Supply Chain Category 98

A. Identify, Establish, and Assess Cyber Supply Chain Risk Management Processes and Gain Stakeholder Agreement 98

B. Identify, Prioritize, and Assess Suppliers and Third-Party Partners of Suppliers 99

C. Develop Contracts with Suppliers and Third-Party Partners to Address Your Organization’s Supply Chain Risk Management Goals 100

D. Routinely Assess Suppliers and Third-Party Partners Using Audits, Test Results, and Other Forms of Evaluation 101

E. Test to Make Sure Your Suppliers and Third-Party Providers Can Respond to and Recover from Service Disruption 102

Summary 103

Chapter Quiz 103

Essential Reading for Supply Chain Risk Management 104

Chapter 6 Manufacturing and Industrial Control Systems Security 105

Essential Reading on Manufacturing and Industrial Control Security 110

Appendix A: Helpful Advice for Small Organizations

Seeking to Implement Some of the Book’s Recommendations 111

Appendix B: Critical Security Controls Version 8.0 Mapped to NIST CSF v1.1 113

Answers to Chapter Quizzes 121

Index 131

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