Cyberwar, Netwar And the Revolution in

The end of the Cold War, the Revolution in Military Affairs, 9/11 and the War on Terror have radically altered the nature of conflict and security in the twenty-first century. This book considers how developments in technology could and are effecting the prosecution of war and what the changing nature of warfare means for human rights and civil society.

EDWARD F. HALPIN is Director of the Praxis Centre at Leeds Metropolitan University. He has researched human and child rights for many years, including work for the European Parliament Scientific and Technical Options Assessment (STOA) Unit. He co-edited the book Human Rights and the Internet (Palgrave Macmillan) and has published many articles in this subject area. In addition to working on social informatics within the School of Information Management, he is involved in teaching peace and conflict resolution in the School of Applied Global Ethics at Leeds Metropolitan University.

PHILIPPA TREVORROW is a graduate from the University of Exeter and works as a Research Officer in the School of Information Management at Leeds Metropolitan University. She has been involved with work in the Praxis Centre for the last 2 years, including issues on peace and conflict resolution, youth citizenship and E-government.

DAVID C. WEBB is Professor of Engineering Modelling, Head of the Centre for Applied Research in Engineering and Director of the Praxis Centre at Leeds Metropolitan University. He obtained a DPhil in Space Physics in 1975 from the University of York and, after periods as a post-doctoral researcher at Bell Laboratories and the University of York, joined the Directorate of Scientific and Technical Intelligence at the MoD in London in 1978. He moved to the Computer Unit at Leeds Metropolitan University in 1979 and then into the School of Engineering in the early 1980s. He has published widely on the application of engineering modelling and on nuclear disarmament and the militarization of space. He is currently working with colleagues in the Praxis Centre on the Study of Information and Technology in Peace, Conflict Resolution and Human Rights.

STEVE WRIGHT is a Visiting Professor at Leeds Metropolitan University, Chair of Privacy International and the former Director of the Omega Foundation. His recent EU research tracked the armourers of the torturers. Wright is best known for his European Parliamentary report highlighting the US global telecommunications interception network - Echelon.

List of Tables

x

Preface

ix

Gary Chapman, Diego Latella and Professor Carlo Schaerf

Notes on the Contributors

xiii

Glossary

xvii

Part I: Cyberwar, Netwar and the Revolution in Military Affairs: Defining the Issues

1 Defining the Issues

3

(9)

Dr Philippa Trevorrow, Dr Steve Wright, Professor David Webb and Dr Edward Halpin

2 Virtual Violence and Real War: Playing War in Computer Games: The Battle with Reality

12

(20)

Martin Bayer

2.1 Introduction

12

(1)

2.2 Gaming platforms

13

(2)

2.3 Definition and historical context

15

(2)

2.4 Computer game genres

17

(4)

2.5 Realism versus reality

21

(4)

2.6 Games and professional military simulations

25

(2)

2.7 Conclusion

27

(5)

3 Strategic Information Warfare: An Introduction

32

(19)

Gian Piero Siroli

3.1 Introduction

32

(1)

3.2 Context

33

(2)

3.3 Critical infrastructures

35

(2)

3.4 Vulnerabilities

37

(4)

3.5 Actors: how and who

41

(2)

3.6 Open questions and comments

43

(2)

3.7 Conclusions

45

(6)

Part II: Implications of the Problem

4 Virtuous Virtual War

51

(21)

Jari Rantapelkonen

4.1 Introduction

51

(1)

4.2 Theory, information technology and accident

52

(3)

4.3 War on terrorism - the state of emergency

55

(1)

4.4 The necessity and problematics of an enemy

56

(2)

4.5 War on Afghanistan - from postmodern moments to information isolation

58

(2)

4.6 Battle for the strategic truth

60

(1)

4.7 War on Iraq - differences in perceptions

61

(6)

4.8 The fog of peace

67

(5)

5 Risks of Computer-Related Technology

72

(10)

Dr Peter G. Neumann

5.1 Introduction

72

(6)

5.2 Roles of technology

78

(4)

6 Missile Defence - The First Steps Towards War in Space?

82

(16)

Professor David Webb

6.1 The military use of space

82

(2)

6.2 Anti-satellite (ASAT) programmes

84

(3)

6.3 Current US developments

87

(2)

6.4 Missile defence

89

(3)

6.5 The possibility of space weapons control

92

(6)

7 Technology as a Source of Global Turbulence?

98

(15)

Dr Stefan Fritsch

7.1 Introduction

98

(1)

7.2 Realistic and neorealistic approaches to technology

99

(1)

7.3 Interdependent globalism

100

(2)

7.4 Technology and IR/IPE from a constructivist point of view

102

(1)

7.5 Arguments for a broader perspective on technology

103

(1)

7.6 Multidimensional effects of technology

104

(2)

7.7 Conclusion

106

(7)

8 Nuclear Weapons and the Vision of Command and Control

113

(26)

Dr Bruce D. Larkin

8.1 The White House and the Department of Defense (DoD)

114

(1)

8.2 The White House Communications Agency

115

(1)

8.3 Crisis experience: the attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan

116

(1)

8.4 Crisis experience: The September 11 attack

117

(2)

8.5 The Global Command and Control System (GCCS) (as defined by the DoD)

119

(1)

8.6 GCCS-T: the top secret provision for nuclear operations

120

(1)

8.7 Ongoing transformation of command and control systems

121

(2)

8.8 War experience: the Iraq War (2003—...)

123

(1)

8.9 Is GCCS sufficiently reliable for nuclear operations?

124

(1)

8.10 Is SIPRNET sufficiently secure for nuclear operations?

125

(5)

8.11 Assessment

130

(9)

9 Information Warfare and the Laws of War

139

Geoffrey Darnton

9.1 Introduction

139

(2)

9.2 Information Warfare (IW)

141

(3)

9.3 Laws of war

144

(7)

9.4 Key issues

151

(6)

Part III: Country Perspectives

10 RMA: The Russian Way

157

(16)

Fanourios Pantelogiannis

10.1 Historical overview

157

(2)

10.2 The current Russian RMA and its international consequences

159

(7)

10.3 Conclusion and evaluation

166

(1)

10.4 Perspectives

167

(6)

11 An Overview of the Research and Development of Information Warfare in China

173

(26)

Chris Wu

11.1 Introduction

173

(1)

11.2 Theoretical research on Information Warfare in China

174

(8)

11.3 Current IW development in China

182

(7)

11.4 IW tactics that could be used by Beijing to attack Taiwan

189

(2)

11.5 Combination of US and Taiwanese resistance to IW from Beijing

191

(1)

11.6 The possibility of IW between China and the USA

191

(2)

11.7 Conclusion

193

(6)

Part IV: What is Being Done - or Must Be Done?

12 A Bridge Too Far?

199

(20)

Mike Moore

12.1 Global engagement

201

(3)

12.2 A space Pearl Harbor?

204

(2)

12.3 Space cop

206

(2)

12.4 The security dilemma

208

(2)

12.5 A mind experiment

210

(2)

12.6 Velvet glove, steel fist

212

(1)

12.7 Unintended consequences

213

(3)

12.8 'Last, best hope'

216

(3)

13 Threat Assessment and Protective Measures: Extending the Asia-Europe Meeting IV Conclusions on Fighting International Terrorism and Other Instruments to Cyber Terrorism

219

(9)

Massimo Mauro

13.1 Introduction

219

(1)

13.2 The Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) framework

219

(1)

13.3 Cyber terrorism: an urban legend?

220

(2)

13.4 A taxonomy of real cyber threats

222

(2)

13.5 Advanced defensive methods and different regional priorities

224

(1)

13.6 International and regional cooperation against cyber terrorism

224

(1)

13.7 Concluding statement

225

(3)

14 Policy Laundering, and Other Policy Dynamics

228

(14)

Dr Gus Hosein

14.1 Introduction

228

(2)

14.2 At the international level: the Council of Europe and the G8

230

(2)

14.3 At the national level

232

(2)

14.4 The international-national dance: traffic data retention

234

(2)

14.5 Democratic challenges and international opportunities

236

(3)

14.6 Concluding remarks

239

(3)

15 Conclusion

242

(4)

Dr Steve Wright, Dr Philippa Trevorrow, Professor David Webb and Dr Edward Halpin

Index

246

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Cyberwar, Netwar And the Revolution in Military Affairs

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