Database Design and Relational Theory

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ISBN: 9781449328016 | 1449328016
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 4/24/2012

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Because databases often stay in production for decades, careful design is critical to making the database serve the needs of your users over years, and to avoid subtle errors or performance problems. In this book, CJ Date, a leading exponent of relational databases, lays out the principles of good database design. Database Design and Relational Theory investigates denormalization, implicit dependencies, redundancy, and many other topics. DBAs will produce better designs and keep their data centers running better through the ideas conveyed in this book. Questions that this book answers include: What is Heath's Theorem, and why is it important? What is The Principle of Orthogonal Design? What makes some JDs reducible and others irreducible? What is dependency preservation, and why is it important? Should data redundancy always be avoided? Can it be?

Preface	p. xi
Setting the Scene	p. 1
Preliminaries	p. 3
Some quotes from the literature	p. 3
A note on terminology	p. 5
The running example	p. 6
Keys	p. 7
The place of design theory	p. 8
Aims of this book	p. 11
Concluding remarks	p. 12
Exercises	p. 12
Prerequisites	p. 15
Overview	p. 15
Relations and relvars	p. 16
Predicates and propositions	p. 18
More on suppliers and parts	p. 20
Exercises	p. 22
Functional Dependencies, Boyce/Codd Normal Form, and Related Matters	p. 25
Normalization: Some Generalities	p. 27
Normalization serves two purposes	p. 29
Update anomalies	p. 31
The normal form hierarchy	p. 32
Normalization and constraints	p. 34
Concluding remarks	p. 35
Exercises	p. 36
FDs and BCNF (Informal)	p. 37
First normal form	p. 37
Functional dependencies	p. 40
Keys revisited	p. 42
Second normal form	p. 43
Third normal form	p. 45
Boyce/Codd normal form	p. 45
Exercises	p. 47
FDs and BCNF (Formal)	p. 49
Preliminary definitions	p. 49
Functional dependencies	p. 50
Boyce/Codd normal form	p. 52
Heath's Theorem	p. 54
Exercises	p. 56
Preserving FDs	p. 59
An unfortunate conflict	p. 60
Another example	p. 63
… And another	p. 64
… And still another	p. 66
A procedure that works	p. 67
Identity decompositions	p. 71
More on the conflict	p. 72
Independent projections	p. 73
Exercises	p. 74
FD Axiomatization	p. 75
Armstrong's axioms	p. 75
Additional rules	p. 76
Proving the additional rules	p. 78
Another kind of closure	p. 79
Exercises	p. 80
Denormalization	p. 83
"Denormalize for performance"?	p. 83
What does denormalization mean?	p. 84
What denormalization isn't (I)	p. 86
What denormalization isn't (II)	p. 88
Denormalization considered harmful (I)	p. 90
Denormalization considered harmful (II)	p. 91
A final remark	p. 92
Exercises	p. 92
Join Dependencies, Fifth Normal Form, and Related Matters	p. 95
JDs and 5NF (Informal)	p. 97
Join dependencies-the basic idea	p. 98
A relvar in BCNF and not 5NF	p. 100
Cyclic rules	p. 103
Concluding remarks	p. 104
Exercises	p. 105
JDs and 5NF (Formal)	p. 107
Join dependencies	p. 107
Fifth normal form	p. 109
JDs implied by keys	p. 110
A useful theorem	p. 113
FDs aren't JDs	p. 114
Update anomalies revisited	p. 114
Exercises	p. 116
Implicit Dependencies	p. 117
Irrelevant components	p. 117
Combining components	p. 118
Irreducible JDs	p. 119
Summary so far	p. 121
The chase algorithm	p. 123
Concluding remarks	p. 127
Exercises	p. 127
MVDs and 4NF	p. 129
An introductory example	p. 129
Multivalued dependencies (informal)	p. 131
Multivalued dependencies (formal)	p. 132
Fourth normal form	p. 133
Axiomatization	p. 134
Embedded dependencies	p. 135
Exercises	p. 136
Additional Normal Forms	p. 139
Equality dependencies	p. 139
Sixth normal form	p. 141
Superkey normal form	p. 143
Redundancy free normal form	p. 144
Domain-key normal form	p. 149
Concluding remarks	p. 150
Exercises	p. 152
Orthogonality	p. 155
The Principle of Orthogonal Design	p. 157
Two cheers for normalization	p. 157
A motivating example	p. 159
A simpler example	p. 160
Tuples vs. propositions	p. 163
The first example revisited	p. 166
The second example revisited	p. 168
The final version	p. 168
A clarification	p. 168
Concluding remarks	p. 170
Exercises	p. 171
Redundancy	p. 173
We Need More Science	p. 175
A little history	p. 177
Database design is predicate design	p. 178
Example 1	p. 180
Example 2	p. 181
Example 3	p. 181
Example 4	p. 181
Example 5	p. 182
Example 6	p. 183
Example 7	p. 185
Example 8	p. 187
Example 9	p. 188
Example 10	p. 189
Example 11	p. 190
Example 12	p. 190
Managing redundancy	p. 191
Refining the definition	p. 193
Concluding remarks	p. 200
Exercises	p. 200
Appendixes	p. 201
Primary Keys Are Nice but Not Essential	p. 203
Arguments in favor of the PK: AK distinction	p. 204
Relvars with more than one key	p. 206
The invoices and shipments example	p. 208
One primary key per entity type?	p. 211
The applicants and employees example	p. 212
Concluding remarks	p. 214
Redundancy Revisited	p. 215
Historical Notes	p. 219
Answers to Exercises	p. 223
Chapter 1	p. 223
Chapter 2	p. 224
Chapter 3	p. 227
Chapter 4	p. 227
Chapter 5	p. 232
Chapter 6	p. 235
Chapter 7	p. 237
Chapter 8	p. 240
Chapter 9	p. 242
Chapter 10	p. 244
Chapter 11	p. 245
Chapter 12	p. 247
Chapter 13	p. 250
Chapter 14	p. 253
Chapter 15	p. 253
Index	p. 255
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Database Design and Relational Theory

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