- ISBN: 9780132943260 | 0132943263
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 1/8/2014
Database Systems is ideal for a one- or two-term course in database management or database design in an undergraduate or graduate level course. With its comprehensive coverage, this book can also be used as a reference for IT professionals.
This best-selling text introduces the theory behind databases in a concise yet comprehensive manner, providing database design methodology that can be used by both technical and non-technical readers. The methodology for relational Database Management Systems is presented in simple, step-by-step instructions in conjunction with a realistic worked example using three explicit phases—conceptual, logical, and physical database design.
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Teaching and Learning Experience
This program presents a better teaching and learning experience–for you and your students. It provides:
- Database Design Methodology that can be Used by Both Technical and Non-technical Readers
- A Comprehensive Introduction to the Theory behind Databases
- A Clear Presentation that Supports Learning
Thomas M. Connolly is the head of the Computing and Information Systems division at the University of Paisley.
Carolyn E. Begg is a lecturer at the University of Paisley, with research interests in Information Systems, Database Management Systems, and Decision Support Systems within medicine.
Carolyn E. Begg is a lecturer at the University of Paisley, with research interests in Information Systems, Database Management Systems, and Decision Support Systems within medicine.
Part 1 Background 1
Chapter 1 Introduction to Databases 3
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Traditional File-Based Systems 7
1.2.1 File-Based Approach 7
1.2.2 Limitations of the File-Based Approach 12
1.3 Database Approach 14
1.3.1 The Database 15
1.3.2 The Database Management System (DBMS) 16
1.3.3 (Database) Application Programs 17
1.3.4 Components of the DBMS Environment 18
1.3.5 Database Design: The Paradigm Shift 21
1.4 Roles in the Database Environment 21
1.4.1 Data and Database Administrators 21
1.4.2 Database Designers 22
1.4.3 Application Developers 23
1.4.4 End-Users 23
1.5 History of Database Management Systems 23
1.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMSs 27
Chapter Summary 31
Review Questions 32
Exercises 32
Chapter 2 Database Environment 35
2.1 The Three-Level ANSI-SPARC Architecture 36
2.1.1 External Level 37
2.1.2 Conceptual Level 38
2.1.3 Internal Level 38
2.1.4 Schemas, Mappings, and Instances 39
2.1.5 Data Independence 40
2.2 Database Languages 41
2.2.1 The Data Definition Language (DDL) 42
2.2.2 The Data Manipulation Language (DML) 42
2.2.3 Fourth-Generation Languages (4GLs) 44
2.3 Data Models and Conceptual Modeling 45
2.3.1 Object-Based Data Models 46
2.3.2 Record-Based Data Models 46
2.3.3 Physical Data Models 49
2.3.4 Conceptual Modeling 49
2.4 Functions of a DBMS 49
Chapter Summary 54
Review Questions 55
Exercises 56
Chapter 3 Database Architectures and the Web 57
3.1 Multi-user DBMS Architectures 58
3.1.1 Teleprocessing 58
3.1.2 File-Server Architecture 59
3.1.3 Traditional Two-Tier Client—Server Architecture 60
3.1.4 Three-Tier Client—Server Architecture 63
3.1.5 N-Tier Architectures 64
3.1.6 Middleware 65
3.1.7 Transaction Processing Monitors 67
3.2 Web Services and Service-Oriented Architectures 69
3.2.1 Web Services 69
3.2.2 Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA) 71
3.3 Distributed DBMSs 72
3.4 Data Warehousing 75
3.5 Cloud Computing 77
3.5.1 Benefits and Risks of Cloud Computing 79
3.5.2 Cloud-based database solutions 82
3.6 Components of a DBMS 86
3.7 Oracle Architecture 89
3.7.1 Oracle’s Logical Database Structure 89
3.7.2 Oracle’s Physical Database Structure 92
Chapter Summary 96
Review Questions 97
Exercises 97
Part 2 The Relational Model and Languages 99
Chapter 4 The Relational Model 101
4.1 Brief History of the Relational Model 102
4.2 Terminology 104
4.2.1 Relational Data Structure 104
4.2.2 Mathematical Relations 107
4.2.3 Database Relations 108
4.2.4 Properties of Relations 108
4.2.5 Relational Keys 110
4.2.6 Representing Relational Database Schemas 111
4.3 Integrity Constraints 113
4.3.1 Nulls 113
4.3.2 Entity Integrity 114
4.3.3 Referential Integrity 114
4.3.4 General Constraints 115
4.4 Views 115
4.4.1 Terminology 115
4.4.2 Purpose of Views 116
4.4.3 Updating Views 117
Chapter Summary 117
Review Questions 118
Exercises 118
Chapter 5 Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus 119
5.1 The Relational Algebra 120
5.1.1 Unary Operations 120
5.1.2 Set Operations 123
5.1.3 Join Operations 126
5.1.4 Division Operation 129
5.1.5 Aggregation and Grouping Operations 130
5.1.6 Summary of the Relational Algebra Operations 132
5.2 The Relational Calculus 133
5.2.1 Tuple Relational Calculus 133
5.2.2 Domain Relational Calculus 136
5.3 Other Languages 138
Chapter Summary 139
Review Questions 139
Exercises 140
Chapter 6 SQL: Data Manipulation 143
6.1 Introduction to SQL 144
6.1.1 Objectives of SQL 144
6.1.2 History of SQL 145
6.1.3 Importance of SQL 147
6.1.4 Terminology 147
6.2 Writing SQL Commands 147
6.3 Data Manipulation 148
6.3.1 Simple Queries 149
6.3.2 Sorting Results (ORDER BY Clause) 157
6.3.3 Using the SQL Aggregate Functions 159
6.3.4 Grouping Results (GROUP BY Clause) 161
6.3.5 Subqueries 164
6.3.6 ANY and ALL 166
6.3.7 Multi-table Queries 168
6.3.8 EXISTS and NOT EXISTS 174
6.3.9 Combining Result Tables (UNION, INTERSECT,
EXCEPT) 175
6.3.10 Database Updates 177
Chapter Summary 181
Review Questions 182
Exercises 182
Chapter 7 SQL: Data Definition 185
7.1 The ISO SQL Data Types 186
7.1.1 SQL Identifiers 186
7.1.2 SQL Scalar Data Types 187
7.2 Integrity Enhancement Feature 192
7.2.1 Required Data 192
7.2.2 Domain Constraints 192
7.2.3 Entity Integrity 193
7.2.4 Referential Integrity 194
7.2.5 General Constraints 195
7.3 Data Definition 196
7.3.1 Creating a Database 196
7.3.2 Creating a Table (CREATE TABLE) 197
7.3.3 Changing a Table Definition (ALTER TABLE) 200
7.3.4 Removing a Table (DROP TABLE) 201
7.3.5 Creating an Index (CREATE INDEX) 202
7.3.6 Removing an Index (DROP INDEX) 202
7.4 Views 203
7.4.1 Creating a View (CREATE VIEW) 203
7.4.2 Removing a View (DROP VIEW) 205
7.4.3 View Resolution 206
7.4.4 Restrictions on Views 207
7.4.5 View Updatability 207
7.4.6 WITH CHECK OPTION 208
7.4.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Views 210
7.4.8 View Materialization 212
7.5 Transactions 213
7.5.1 Immediate and Deferred Integrity Constraints 214
7.6 Discretionary Access Control 214
7.6.1 Granting Privileges to Other Users (GRANT) 216
7.6.2 Revoking Privileges from Users (REVOKE) 217
Chapter Summary 219
Review Questions 220
Exercises 220
Chapter 8 Advanced SQL 223
8.1 The SQL Programming Language 224
8.1.1 Declarations 224
8.1.2 Assignments 225
8.1.3 Control Statements 226
8.1.4 Exceptions in PL/SQL 228
8.1.5 Cursors in PL/SQL 229
8.2 Subprograms, Stored Procedures, Functions,
and Packages 232
8.3 Triggers 233
8.4 Recursion 239
Chapter Summary 240
Review Questions 241
Exercises 241
Chapter 9 Object-Relational DBMSs 243
9.1 Advanced Database Applications 244
9.2 Weaknesses of RDBMSs 249
9.3 Storing Objects in a Relational Database 254
9.3.1 Mapping Classes to Relations 255
9.3.2 Accessing Objects in the Relational Database 256
9.4 Introduction to Object-Relational Database Systems 257
9.5 SQL:2011 260
9.5.1 Row Types 261
9.5.2 User-Defined Types 262
9.5.3 Subtypes and Supertypes 265
9.5.4 User-Defined Routines 266
9.5.5 Polymorphism 269
9.5.6 Reference Types and Object Identity 270
9.5.7 Creating Tables 270
9.5.8 Querying Data 273
9.5.9 Collection Types 275
9.5.10 Typed Views 278
9.5.11 Persistent Stored Modules 279
9.5.12 Triggers 279
9.5.13 Large Objects 282
9.5.14 Recursion 283
9.6 Object-Oriented Extensions in Oracle 283
9.6.1 User-Defined Data Types 284
9.6.2 Manipulating Object Tables 289
9.6.3 Object Views 290
9.6.4 Privileges 291
Chapter Summary 292
Review Questions 292
Exercises 293
Part 3 Database Analysis and Design 295
Chapter 10 Database System Development Lifecycle 297
10.1 The Information Systems Lifecycle 298
10.2 The Database System Development Lifecycle 299
10.3 Database Planning 299
10.4 System Definition 302
10.4.1 User Views 302
10.5 Requirements Collection and Analysis 302
10.5.1 Centralized Approach 304
10.5.2 View Integration Approach 304
10.6 Database Design 306
10.6.1 Approaches to Database Design 307
10.6.2 Data Modeling 307
10.6.3 Phases of Database Design 308
10.7 DBMS Selection 311
10.7.1 Selecting the DBMS 311
10.8 Application Design 315
10.8.1 Transaction Design 316
10.8.2 User Interface Design Guidelines 317
10.9 Prototyping 319
10.10 Implementation 319
10.11 Data Conversion and Loading 320
10.12 Testing 320
10.13 Operational Maintenance 321
10.14 CASE Tools 322
Chapter Summary 324
Review Questions 325
Exercises 326
Chapter 11 Database Analysis and the DreamHome Case Study 327
11.1 When Are Fact-Finding Techniques Used? 328
11.2 What Facts Are Collected? 329
11.3 Fact-Finding Techniques 330
11.3.1 Examining Documentation 330
11.3.2 Interviewing 330
11.3.3 Observing the Enterprise in Operation 331
11.3.4 Research 332
11.3.5 Questionnaires 332
11.4 Using Fact-Finding Techniques: A Worked -Example 333
11.4.1 The DreamHome Case Study–An Overview of the Current System 334
11.4.2 The DreamHome Case Study–Database Planning 338
11.4.3 The DreamHome Case Study–System Definition 344
11.4.4 The DreamHome Case Study–Requirements Collection and Analysis 345
11.4.5 The DreamHome Case Study–Database Design 353
Chapter Summary 354
Review Questions 354
Exercises 354
Chapter 12 Entity—Relationship Modeling 357
12.1 Entity Types 358
12.2 Relationship Types 360
12.2.1 Degree of Relationship Type 362
12.2.2 Recursive Relationship 364
12.3 Attributes 365
12.3.1 Simple and Composite Attributes 365
12.3.2 Single-valued and Multi-valued Attributes 366
12.3.3 Derived Attributes 366
12.3.4 Keys 367
12.4 Strong and Weak Entity Types 369
12.5 Attributes on Relationships 370
12.6 Structural Constraints 371
12.6.1 One-to-One (1:1) Relationships 372
12.6.2 One-to-Many (1:*) Relationships 373
12.6.3 Many-to-Many (*:*) Relationships 374
12.6.4 Multiplicity for Complex Relationships 375
12.6.5 Cardinality and Participation Constraints 376
12.7 Problems with ER Models 378
12.7.1 Fan Traps 378
12.7.2 Chasm Traps 380
Chapter Summary 382
Review Questions 382
Exercises 383
Chapter 13 Enhanced Entity—Relationship Modeling 385
13.1 Specialization/Generalization 386
13.1.1 Superclasses and Subclasses 386
13.1.2 Superclass/Subclass Relationships 387
13.1.3 Attribute Inheritance 388
13.1.4 Specialization Process 388
13.1.5 Generalization Process 389
13.1.6 Constraints on Specialization/Generalization 392
13.1.7 Worked Example of using Specialization/ Generalization to Model the Branch View of the DreamHome Case Study 393
13.2 Aggregation 397
13.3 Composition 398
Chapter Summary 399
Review Questions 400
Exercises 400
Chapter 14 Normalization 403
14.1 The Purpose of Normalization 404
14.2 How Normalization Supports Database Design 405
14.3 Data Redundancy and Update Anomalies 406
14.3.1 Insertion Anomalies 407
14.3.2 Deletion Anomalies 407
14.3.3 Modification Anomalies 408
14.4 Functional Dependencies 408
14.4.1 Characteristics of Functional Dependencies 408
14.4.2 Identifying Functional Dependencies 412
14.4.3 Identifying the Primary Key for a Relation Using Functional Dependencies 415
14.5 The Process of Normalization 416
14.6 First Normal Form (1NF) 418
14.7 Second Normal Form (2NF) 422
14.8 Third Normal Form (3NF) 423
14.9 General Definitions of 2NF and 3NF 425
Chapter Summary 427
Review Questions 427
Exercises 428
Chapter 15 Advanced Normalization 433
15.1 More on Functional Dependencies 434
15.1.1 Inference Rules for Functional Dependencies 434
15.1.2 Minimal Sets of Functional Dependencies 436
15.2 Boyce—Codd Normal Form (BCNF) 437
15.2.1 Definition of BCNF 437
15.3 Review of Normalization Up to BCNF440
15.4 Fourth Normal Form (4NF) 445
15.4.1 Multi-Valued Dependency 446
15.4.2 Definition of Fourth Normal Form 447
15.5 Fifth Normal Form (5NF) 447
15.5.1 Lossless-Join Dependency 448
15.5.2 Definition of Fifth Normal Form 448
Chapter Summary 450
Review Questions 450
Exercises 451
Part 4 Methodology 453
Chapter 16 Methodology–Conceptual Database Design 455
16.1 Introduction to the Database Design Methodology 456
16.1.1 What Is a Design Methodology? 456
16.1.2 Conceptual, Logical, and Physical Database Design 457
16.1.3 Critical Success Factors in Database Design 457
16.2 Overview of the Database Design Methodology 458
16.3 Conceptual Database Design Methodology 460
Step 1: Build Conceptual Data Model 460
Chapter Summary 476
Review Questions 476
Exercises 477
Chapter 17 Methodology–Logical Database Design
for the Relational Model 479
17.1 Logical Database Design Methodology for the Relational Model 480
Step 2: Build Logical Data Model 480
Chapter Summary 508
Review Questions 509
Exercises 509
Chapter 18 Methodology–Physical Database Design for Relational Databases 513
18.1 Comparison of Logical and Physical Database Design 514
18.2 Overview of the Physical Database Design Methodology 515
18.3 The Physical Database Design Methodology for Relational Databases 516
Step 3: Translate Logical Data Model for Target DBMS 516
Step 4: Design File Organizations and Indexes 521
Step 5: Design User Views 534
Step 6: Design Security Mechanisms 534
Chapter Summary 535
Review Questions 536
Exercises 536
Chapter 19 Methodology–Monitoring and Tuning the Operational System 537
19.1 Denormalizing and Introducing Controlled Redundancy 537
Step 7: Consider the Introduction of Controlled Redundancy 537
19.2 Monitoring the System to Improve Performance 550
Step 8: Monitor and Tune the Operational System 550
Chapter Summary 554
Review Questions 555
Exercises 555
Part 5 Selected Database Issues 557
Chapter 20 Security and Administration 559
20.1 Database Security 560
20.1.1 Threats 561
20.2 Countermeasures–Computer-Based Controls 563
20.2.1 Authorization 564
20.2.2 Access Controls 565
20.2.3 Views 568
20.2.4 Backup and Recovery 568
20.2.5 Integrity 569
20.2.6 Encryption 569
20.2.7 RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) 570
20.3 Security in Microsoft Office Access DBMS 573
20.4 Security in Oracle DBMS 575
20.5 DBMSs and Web Security 579
20.5.1 Proxy Servers 580
20.5.2 Firewalls 580
20.5.3 Message Digest Algorithms and Digital Signatures 581
20.5.4 Digital Certificates 581
20.5.5 Kerberos 582
20.5.6 Secure Sockets Layer and Secure HTTP 582
20.5.7 Secure Electronic Transactions and Secure Transaction Technology 583
20.5.8 Java Security 584
20.5.9 ActiveX Security 586
20.6 Data Administration and Database Administration 586
20.6.1 Data Administration 587
20.6.2 Database Administration 588
20.6.3 Comparison of Data and Database Administration 588
Chapter Summary 589
Review Questions 590
Exercises 590
Chapter 21 Professional, Legal, and Ethical Issues in Data Management 593
21.1 Defining Legal and Ethical Issues in IT 594
21.1.1 Defining Ethics in the Context of IT 594
21.1.2 The Difference Between Ethical and Legal Behavior 595
21.1.3 Ethical Behavior in IT 596
21.2 Legislation and Its Impact on the IT Function 597
21.2.1 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Regulation National Market System (NMS) 597
21.2.2 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, COBIT, and COSO 598
21.2.3 The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act 601
21.2.4 The European Union (EU) Directive on Data Protection of 1995 602
21.2.5 The United Kingdom’s Data Protection Act of 1998 603
21.2.6 Access to Information Laws 604
21.2.7 International Banking–Basel II Accords 606
21.3 Establishing a Culture of Legal and Ethical Data Stewardship 607
21.3.1 Developing an Organization-Wide Policy for Legal and Ethical Behavior 607
21.3.2 Professional Organizations and Codes of Ethics 608
21.3.3 Developing an Organization-Wide Policy for Legal and Ethical Behavior for DreamHome 611
21.4 Intellectual Property 612
21.4.1 Patent 613
21.4.2 Copyright 613
21.4.3 Trademark 614
21.4.4 Intellectual Property Rights Issues for Software 614
21.4.5 Intellectual Property Rights Issues for Data 616
Chapter Summary 616
Review Questions 617
Exercises 618
Chapter 22 Transaction Management 619
22.1 Transaction Support 620
22.1.1 Properties of Transactions 623
22.1.2 Database Architecture 623
22.2 Concurrency Control 624
22.2.1 The Need for Concurrency Control 624
22.2.2 Serializability and Recoverability 627
22.2.3 Locking Methods 635
22.2.4 Deadlock 641
22.2.5 Timestamping Methods 644
22.2.6 Multiversion Timestamp Ordering 647
22.2.7 Optimistic Techniques 648
22.2.8 Granularity of Data Items 649
22.3 Database Recovery 652
22.3.1 The Need for Recovery 652
22.3.2 Transactions and Recovery 653
22.3.3 Recovery Facilities 656
22.3.4 Recovery Techniques 659
22.3.5 Recovery in a Distributed DBMS 661
22.4 Advanced Transaction Models 661
22.4.1 Nested Transaction Model 663
22.4.2 Sagas 664
22.4.3 Multilevel Transaction Model 665
22.4.4 Dynamic Restructuring 666
22.4.5 Workflow Models 667
22.5 Concurrency Control and Recovery in Oracle 668
22.5.1 Oracle’s Isolation Levels 669
22.5.2 Multiversion Read Consistency 669
22.5.3 Deadlock Detection 671
22.5.4 Backup and Recovery 671
Chapter Summary 674
Review Questions 675
Exercises 676
Chapter 23 Query Processing 679
23.1 Overview of Query Processing 681
23.2 Query Decomposition 684
23.3 Heuristical Approach to Query Optimization 688
23.3.1 Transformation Rules for the Relational Algebra Operations 688
23.3.2 Heuristical Processing Strategies 693
23.4 Cost Estimation for the Relational Algebra Operations 694
23.4.1 Database Statistics 694
23.4.2 Selection Operation (S = sp(R)) 695
23.4.3 Join Operation (T = (R 1F S)) 702
23.4.4 Projection Operation (S = pA1, A2, . . . , A m(R)) 709
23.4.5 The Relational Algebra Set Operations (T = R ¿ S, T = R > S, T = R — S) 711
23.5 Enumeration of Alternative Execution Strategies 712
23.5.1 Pipelining 713
23.5.2 Linear Trees 713
23.5.3 Physical Operators and Execution Strategies 714
23.5.4 Reducing the Search Space 716
23.5.5 Enumerating Left-Deep Trees 717
23.5.6 Semantic Query Optimization 718
23.5.7 Alternative Approaches to Query Optimization 719
23.5.8 Distributed Query Optimization 720
23.6 Query Processing and Optimization 720
23.6.1 New Index Types 723
23.7 Query Optimization in Oracle 724
23.7.1 Rule-Based and Cost-Based Optimization 724
23.7.2 Histograms 728
23.7.3 Viewing the Execution Plan 730
Chapter Summary 731
Review Questions 732
Exercises 733
Part 6 Distributed DBMSs and Replication 735
Chapter 24 Distributed DBMSs–Concepts and Design 737
24.1 Introduction 738
24.1.1 Concepts 739
24.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of DDBMSs 743
24.1.3 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous DDBMSs 746
24.2 Overview of Networking 749
24.3 Functions and Architectures of a DDBMS 753
24.3.1 Functions of a DDBMS 753
24.3.2 Reference Architecture for a DDBMS 753
24.3.3 Reference Architecture for a Federated MDBS 755
24.3.4 Component Architecture for a DDBMS 756
24.4 Distributed Relational Database Design 757
24.4.1 Data Allocation 758
24.4.2 Fragmentation 759
24.5 Transparencies in a DDBMS 768
24.5.1 Distribution Transparency 768
24.5.2 Transaction Transparency 771
24.5.3 Performance Transparency 774
24.5.4 DBMS Transparency 776
24.5.5 Summary of Transparencies in a DDBMS 776
24.6 Date’s Twelve Rules for a DDBMS 777
Chapter Summary 779
Review Questions 780
Exercises 780
Chapter 25 Distributed DBMSs–Advanced Concepts 783
25.1 Distributed Transaction Management 784
25.2 Distributed Concurrency Control 785
25.2.1 Objectives 785
25.2.2 Distributed Serializability 786
25.2.3 Locking Protocols 786
25.3 Distributed Deadlock Management 789
25.4 Distributed Database Recovery 792
25.4.1 Failures in a Distributed Environment 793
25.4.2 How Failures Affect Recovery 794
25.4.3 Two-Phase Commit (2PC) 794
25.4.4 Three-Phase Commit (3PC) 801
25.4.5 Network Partitioning 804
25.5 The X/Open Distributed Transaction Processing Model 806
25.6 Distributed Query Optimization 808
25.6.1 Data Localization 810
25.6.2 Distributed Joins 813
25.6.3 Global Optimization 814
25.7 Distribution in Oracle 818
25.7.1 Oracle’s DDBMS Functionality 818
Chapter Summary 824
Review Questions 824
Exercises 825
Chapter 26 Replication and Mobile Databases 827
26.1 Introduction to Data Replication 828
26.1.1 Applications of Replication 829
26.1.2 Replication Model 830
26.1.3 Functional Model of Replication Protocols 831
26.1.4 Consistency 832
26.2 Replication Architecture 832
26.2.1 Kernel-Based Replication 832
26.2.2 Middleware-Based Replication 833
26.2.3 Processing of Updates 834
26.2.4 Propagation of Updates 836
26.2.5 Update Location (Data Ownership) 836
26.2.6 Termination Protocols 840
26.3 Replication Schemes 840
26.3.1 Eager Primary Copy 841
26.3.2 Lazy Primary Copy 846
26.3.3 Eager Update Anywhere 850
26.3.4 Lazy Update Anywhere 851
26.3.5 Update Anywhere with Uniform Total Order Broadcast 855
26.3.6 SI and Uniform Total Order Broadcast Replication 859
26.4 Introduction to Mobile Databases 865
26.4.1 Mobile DBMSs 867
26.4.2 Issues with Mobile DBMSs 868
26.5 Oracle Replication 881
26.5.1 Oracle’s Replication Functionality 881
Chapter Summary 888
Review Questions 889
Exercises 889
Part 7 Object DBMSs 891
Chapter 27 Object-Oriented DBMSs–Concepts and Design 893
27.1 Next-Generation Database Systems 895
27.2 Introduction to OODBMSs 897
27.2.1 Definition of Object-Oriented DBMSs 897
27.2.2 Functional Data Models 898
27.2.3 Persistent Programming Languages 903
27.2.4 Alternative Strategies for Developing an OODBMS 905
27.3 Persistence in OODBMSs 906
27.3.1 Pointer Swizzling Techniques 908
27.3.2 Accessing an Object 911
27.3.3 Persistence Schemes 913
27.3.4 Orthogonal Persistence 914
27.4 Issues in OODBMSs 916
27.4.1 Transactions 916
27.4.2 Versions 917
27.4.3 Schema Evolution 918
27.4.4 Architecture 921
27.4.5 Benchmarking 923
27.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of OODBMSs 926
27.5.1 Advantages 926
27.5.2 Disadvantages 928
27.6 Comparison of ORDBMS and OODBMS 930
27.7 Object-Oriented Database Design 931
27.7.1 Comparison of Object-Oriented Data Modeling and Conceptual Data Modeling 931
27.7.2 Relationships and Referential Integrity 932
27.7.3 Behavioral Design 934
27.8 Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with UML 936
27.8.1 UML Diagrams 937
27.8.2 Usage of UML in the Methodology for Database Design 942
Chapter Summary 944
Review Questions 945
Exercises 945
Chapter 28 Object-Oriented DBMSs–Standards and Systems 947
28.1 Object Management Group 948
28.1.1 Background 948
28.1.2 The Common Object Request Broker Architecture 951
28.1.3 Other OMG Specifications 956
28.1.4 Model-Driven Architecture 959
28.2 Object Data Standard ODMG 3.0, 1999 959
28.2.1 Object Data Management Group 961
28.2.2 The Object Model 962
28.2.3 The Object Definition Language 970
28.2.4 The Object Query Language 973
28.2.5 Other Parts of the ODMG Standard 979
28.2.6 Mapping the Conceptual Design to a Logical (Object-Oriented) Design 982
28.3 ObjectStore 983
28.3.1 Architecture 983
28.3.2 Building an ObjectStore Application 986
28.3.3 Data Definition in ObjectStore 987
28.3.4 Data Manipulation in ObjectStore 991
Chapter Summary 994
Review Questions 995
Exercises 995
Part 8 The Web and DBMSs 997
Chapter 29 Web Technology and DBMSs 999
29.1 Introduction to the Internet and the Web 1000
29.1.1 Intranets and Extranets 1002
29.1.2 e-Commerce and e-Business 1003
29.2 The Web 1004
29.2.1 HyperText Transfer Protocol 1005
29.2.2 HyperText Markup Language 1007
29.2.3 Uniform Resource Locators 1009
29.2.4 Static and Dynamic Web Pages 1010
29.2.5 Web Services 1010
29.2.6 Requirements for Web—DBMS Integration 1011
29.2.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Web—DBMS Approach 1012
29.2.8 Approaches to Integrating the Web and DBMSs 1016
29.3 Scripting Languages 1017
29.3.1 JavaScript and JScript 1017
29.3.2 VBScript 1018
29.3.3 Perl and PHP 1019
29.4 Common Gateway Interface (CGI) 1019
29.4.1 Passing Information to a CGI Script 1021
29.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of CGI 1023
29.5 HTTP Cookies 1024
29.6 Extending the Web Server 1025
29.6.1 Comparison of CGI and API 1026
29.7 Java 1026
29.7.1 JDBC 1030
29.7.2 SQLJ 1036
29.7.3 Comparison of JDBC and SQLJ 1036
29.7.4 Container-Managed Persistence (CMP) 1037
29.7.5 Java Data Objects (JDO) 1041
29.7.6 JPA (Java Persistence API) 1048
29.7.7 Java Servlets 1056
29.7.8 JavaServer Pages 1056
29.7.9 Java Web Services 1057
29.8 Microsoft’s Web Platform 1059
29.8.1 Universal Data Access 1060
29.8.2 Active Server Pages and ActiveX Data Objects 1061
29.8.3 Remote Data Services 1062
29.8.4 Comparison of ASP and JSP 1065
29.8.5 Microsoft .NET 1065
29.8.6 Microsoft Web Services 1070
29.9 Oracle Internet Platform 1071
29.9.1 Oracle WebLogic Server 1072
29.9.2 Oracle Metadata Repository 1073
29.9.3 Oracle Identity Management 1073
29.9.4 Oracle Portal 1074
29.9.5 Oracle WebCenter 1074
29.9.6 Oracle Business Intelligence (BI) Discoverer 1074
29.9.7 Oracle SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture) Suite 1075
Chapter Summary 1078
Review Questions 1079
Exercises 1079
Chapter 30 Semistructured Data and XML 1081
30.1 Semistructured Data 1082
30.1.1 Object Exchange Model (OEM) 1084
30.1.2 Lore and Lorel 1085
30.2 Introduction to XML 1089
30.2.1 Overview of XML 1092
30.2.2 Document Type Definitions (DTDs) 1094
30.3 XML-Related Technologies 1097
30.3.1 DOM and SAX Interfaces 1098
30.3.2 Namespaces 1099
30.3.3 XSL and XSLT 1099
30.3.4 XPath (XML Path Language) 1100
30.3.5 XPointer (XML Pointer Language) 1101
30.3.6 XLink (XML Linking Language) 1102
30.3.7 XHTML 1102
30.3.8 Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 1103
30.3.9 Web Services Description Language (WSDL) 1104
30.3.10 Universal Discovery, Description, and Integration (UDDI) 1104
30.3.11 JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) 1106
30.4 XML Schema 1108
30.4.1 Resource Description Framework (RDF) 1114
30.5 XML Query Languages 1118
30.5.1 Extending Lore and Lorel to Handle XML 1119
30.5.2 XML Query Working Group 1120
30.5.3 XQuery–A Query Language for XML 1121
30.5.4 XML Information Set 1131
30.5.5 XQuery 1.0 and XPath 2.0 Data Model (XDM) 1132
30.5.6 XQuery Update Facility 1.0 1138
30.5.7 Formal Semantics 1140
30.6 XML and Databases 1148
30.6.1 Storing XML in Databases 1148
30.6.2 XML and SQL 1151
30.6.3 Native XML Databases 1165
30.7 XML in Oracle 1166
Chapter Summary 1169
Review Questions 1171
Exercises 1172
Part 9 Business Intelligence 1173
Chapter 31 Data Warehousing Concepts 1175
31.1 Introduction to Data Warehousing 1176
31.1.1 The Evolution of Data Warehousing 1176
31.1.2 Data Warehousing Concepts 1177
31.1.3 Benefits of Data Warehousing 1178
31.1.4 Comparison of OLTP Systems and Data Warehousing 1178
31.1.5 Problems of Data Warehousing 1180
31.1.6 Real-Time Data Warehouse 1182
31.2 Data Warehouse Architecture 1183
31.2.1 Operational Data 1183
31.2.2 Operational Data Store 1183
31.2.3 ETL Manager 1184
31.2.4 Warehouse Manager 1184
31.2.5 Query Manager 1185
31.2.6 Detailed Data 1185
31.2.7 Lightly and Highly Summarized Data 1185
31.2.8 Archive/Backup Data 1185
31.2.9 Metadata 1186
31.2.10 End-User Access Tools 1186
31.3 Data Warehousing Tools and Technologies 1187
31.3.1 Extraction, Transformation, and Loading (ETL) 1188
31.3.2 Data Warehouse DBMS 1189
31.3.3 Data Warehouse Metadata 1192
31.3.4 Administration and Management Tools 1194
31.4 Data Mart 1194
31.4.1 Reasons for Creating a Data Mart 1195
31.5 Data Warehousing and Temporal Databases 1195
31.5.1 Temporal Extensions to the SQL Standard 1198
31.6 Data Warehousing Using Oracle 1200
31.6.1 Warehouse Features in Oracle 11g 1203
31.6.2 Oracle Support for Temporal Data 1204
Chapter Summary 1205
Review Questions 1206
Exercises 1207
Chapter 32 Data Warehousing Design 1209
32.1 Designing a Data Warehouse Database 1210
32.2 Data Warehouse Development Methodologies 1210
32.3 Kimball’s Business Dimensional Lifecycle 1212
32.4 Dimensionality Modeling 1213
32.4.1 Comparison of DM and ER models 1216
32.5 The Dimensional Modeling Stage of Kimball’s Business Dimensional Lifecycle 1217
32.5.1 Create a High-Level Dimensional Model (Phase I) 1217
32.5.2 Identify All Dimension Attributes for the Dimensional Model (Phase II) 1222
32.6 Data Warehouse Development Issues 1225
32.7 Data Warehousing Design Using Oracle 1226
32.7.1 Oracle Warehouse Builder Components 1226
32.7.2 Using Oracle Warehouse Builder 1227
32.7.3 Warehouse Builder Features in Oracle 11g 1231
Chapter Summary 1232
Review Questions 1233
Exercises 1234
Chapter 33 OLAP 1237
33.1 Online Analytical Processing 1238
33.1.1 OLAP Benchmarks 1239
33.2 OLAP Applications 1239
33.3 Multidimensional Data Model 1241
33.3.1 Alternative Multidimensional Data Representations 1241
33.3.2 Dimensional Hierarchy 1243
33.3.3 Multidimensional Operations 1245
33.3.4 Multidimensional Schemas 1245
33.4 OLAP Tools 1245
33.4.1 Codd’s Rules for OLAP Tools 1246
33.4.2 OLAP Server–Implementation Issues 1247
33.4.3 Categories of OLAP Servers 1248
33.5 OLAP Extensions to the SQL Standard 1252
33.5.1 Extended Grouping Capabilities 1252
33.5.2 Elementary OLAP Operators 1257
33.6 Oracle OLAP 1259
33.6.1 Oracle OLAP Environment 1259
33.6.2 Platform for Business Intelligence Applications 1260
33.6.3 Oracle Database 1260
33.6.4 Oracle OLAP 1262
33.6.5 Performance 1263
33.6.6 System Management 1264
33.6.7 System Requirements 1264
33.6.8 OLAP Features in Oracle 11g 1264
Chapter Summary 1265
Review Questions 1265
Exercises 1265
Chapter 34 Data Mining 1267
34.1 Data Mining 1268
34.2 Data Mining Techniques 1268
34.2.1 Predictive Modeling 1270
34.2.2 Database Segmentation 1271
34.2.3 Link Analysis 1272
34.2.4 Deviation Detection 1273
34.3 The Data Mining Process 1274
34.3.1 The CRISP-DM Model 1274
34.4 Data Mining Tools 1275
34.5 Data Mining and Data Warehousing 1276
34.6 Oracle Data Mining (ODM) 1277
34.6.1 Data Mining Capabilities 1277
34.6.2 Enabling Data Mining Applications 1277
34.6.3 Predictions and Insights 1278
34.6.4 Oracle Data Mining Environment 1278
34.6.5 Data Mining Features in Oracle 11g 1279
Chapter Summary 1279
Review Questions 1280
Exercises 1280
Appendices 1281
A Users’ Requirements Specification for DreamHome Case Study A-1
A.1 Branch User Views of DreamHome A-1
A.1.1 Data Requirements A-1
A.1.2 Transaction Requirements (Sample) A-3
A.2 Staff User Views of DreamHome A-4
A.2.1 Data Requirements A-4
A.2.2 Transaction Requirements (Sample) A-5
B Other Case Studies B-1
B.1 The University Accommodation Office Case Study B-1
B.1.1 Data Requirements B-1
B.1.2 Query Transactions (Sample) B-3
B.2 The EasyDrive School of Motoring Case Study B-4
B.2.1 Data Requirements B-4
B.2.2 Query Transactions (Sample) B-5
B.3 The Wellmeadows Hospital Case Study B-5
B.3.1 Data Requirements B-5
B.3.2 Transaction Requirements (Sample) B-12
C Alternative ER Modeling Notations C-1
C.1 ER Modeling Using the Chen Notation C-1
C.2 ER Modeling Using the Crow’s Feet Notation C-1
D Summary of the Database Design Methodology for Relational Databases D-1
Step 1: Build Conceptual Data Model D-1
Step 2: Build Logical Data Model D-2
Step 3: Translate Logical Data Model for Target DBMS D-5
Step 4: Design File Organizations and Indexes D-5
Step 5: Design User Views D-5
Step 6: Design Security Mechanisms D-5
Step 7: Consider the Introduction of Controlled
Redundancy D-6
Step 8: Monitor and Tune the Operational System D-6
E Introduction to Pyrrho: A Lightweight RDBMS E-1
E.1 Pyrrho Features E-2
E.2 Download and Install Pyrrho E-2
E.3 Getting Started E-3
E.4 The Connection String E-3
E.5 Pyrrho’s Security Model E-4
E.6 Pyrrho SQL Syntax E-4
F File Organizations and Indexes (Online) F-1
G When Is a DBMS Relational? (Online) G-1
H Commercial DBMSs: Access and Oracle (Online) H-1
I Programmatic SQL (Online) I-1
J Estimating Disk Space Requirements (Online) J-1
K Introduction to Object-Oriented Concepts (Online) K-1
L Example Web Scripts (Online) L-1
M Query-By-Example (QBE) (Online) M-1
N Third Generation Manifestos (Online) N-1
O Postgres–An Early ORDBMS (Online) O-1
References R-1
Further Reading FR-1
Index IN-1
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