Deep Excavation: Theory and Practice

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ISBN: 9780415403306 | 0415403308
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/18/2006

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Excavation is an important segment in foundational engineering (for example, in the construction of the foundations or basements of high rise buildings, underground oil tanks, a subway or a mass transit system). Most books on general foundation engineering introduce the basic analysis and design of excavation, but are not usually capable of dealing with the analysis and design in practice. With economic development and urbanization, excavations go deeper and become larger in scale, sometimes even carried out in difficult soils. These conditions require advanced analysis and design methods and construction technologies. This book is aimed at both theoretical explication and practical applications. From basic to advanced, the book tries to attain theoretical rigorousness and consistency. Each chapter is followed by problems and solutions so that the book can be readily taught at senior undergraduate and graduate levels. On the other hand, the book also deals with design practice. The analysis methods introduced in the book can be used for analysis and design in actual excavations as they are the correct methods currently used in the engineering circle. Based on interaction between research results, analysis experience and teaching experience, the book is aimed at both teachers and engineers in advanced analysis and design. Book jacket.

Preface

1 Introduction to the analysis and design of excavations

(6)

1.1 Geological investigation and soil tests

(2)

1.2 Conditions of the adjacent properties

(1)

1.3 Confirmation of the conditions of an excavation site

(1)

1.4 Designing criteria

(1)

1.5 Collecting case histories of the nearby excavations

(1)

1.6 Auxiliary methods

(1)

1.7 Excavation analyses

(1)

1.8 Layout of the strutting system

(1)

1.9 Monitoring system

(1)

1.10 Protection of neighboring properties

(2)

2 Basic properties and mechanical characteristics of soils

(50)

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Basic properties

(4)

2.2.1 Specific gravity

(1)

2.2.2 Unit weight and water content

(1)

2.2.3 Atterberg limit

(2)

2.2.4 Permeability

(1)

2.3 Consolidation

(3)

2.4 Concept of effective stresses

(2)

2.5 Parameters of porewater pressure

(2)

2.6 Failure of soils

(9)

2.6.1 Mohr-Coulomb failure theory

(3)

2.6.2 Some commonly used laboratory shear strength tests

(4)

2.6.2.1 Triaxial test

(1)

2.6.2.2 Direct shear test

(1)

2.6.2.3 Direct simple shear test

(1)

2.6.3 Stress paths

(2)

2.7 Drained shear strength of soils

(2)

2.8 Undrained shear strength of saturated cohesive soils

(14)

2.8.1 Concepts of undrained shear strength

(2)

2.8.2 Characteristics of undrained shear strength

(3)

2.8.3 Methods to obtain undrained shear strength

(23)

2.8.3.1 Triaxial UU test

(2)

2.8.3.2 CU test

(2)

2.8.3.3 Field vane shear test

(3)

2.8.3.4 Cone penetration test

(1)

2.8.3.5 Other methods and empirical formulas

(1)

2.9 Relationship between shear strength, volume change, and porewater pressure

(6)

2.10 Undrained shear strength of unsaturated cohesive soils

(1)

2.11 Soil properties at the TNEC site

(2)

2.12 Summary and general comments

(5)

3 Excavation methods and lateral supporting systems

(34)

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Excavation methods

(10)

3.2.1 Full open cut methods

(1)

3.2.2 Braced excavation methods

(2)

3.2.3 Anchored excavation methods

(3)

3.2.4 Island excavation methods

(2)

3.2.5 Top-down construction methods

(2)

3.2.6 Zoned excavation methods

(1)

3.3 Retaining walls

(13)

3.3.1 Soldier piles

(3)

3.3.2 Sheet piles

(1)

3.3.3 Column piles

(5)

3.3.4 Diaphragm walls

(4)

3.4 Strutting systems

(3)

3.5 Selection of the retaining strut system

(1)

3.6 Case history of the TNEC excavation

(4)

3.7 Summary and general comments

(3)

4 Lateral earth pressure

(34)

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 Lateral earth pressure at rest

(1)

4.3 Rankine's earth pressure theory

(5)

4.4 Coulomb's earth pressure theory

(2)

4.5 General discussion of various earth pressure theories

(6)

4.5.1 Displacement and earth pressure

(1)

4.5.2 Comparisons of Rankine's and Coulomb's earth pressure theories

(1)

4.5.3 Reliability of earth pressure theories and other solutions

100

(5)

4.6 Earth pressure for design

105

(14)

4.6.1 Cohesive soils

105

(3)

4.6.2 Cohesionless soils

108

(1)

4.6.3 Alternated layers

109

(1)

4.6.4 Sloping ground

109

(2)

4.6.5 Surcharge

111

(4)

4.6.6 Seepage

115

(2)

4.6.7 Earthquakes

117

(2)

4.7 Summary and general comments

119

(6)

5 Stability analysis

125

(54)

5.1 Introduction

125

(1)

5.2 Types of factors of safety

125

(1)

5.3 Overall shear failure

126

(1)

5.4 Free earth support method and fixed earth support method

127

(2)

5.5 Overall shear failure of strutted walls

129

(25)

5.5.1 Push-in

129

(5)

5.5.2 Basal heave

134

(12)

5.5.2.1 Bearing capacity method

135

(4)

5.5.2.2 Negative bearing capacity method

139

(2)

5.5.2.3 Slip circle method

141

(4)

5.5.2.4 Comparisons of the various analysis methods for basal heave failure

145

(1)

5.5.2.5 Applicability to sandy soils

146

(1)

5.5.3 Case study of overall shear failure

146

(8)

5.6 Overall shear failure of cantilever walls

154

(8)

5.7 Upheaval

162

(1)

5.8 Sand boiling

163

(7)

5.8.1 Mechanism and factors of safety

163

(5)

5.8.2 Case study

168

(2)

5.9 Summary and general comments

170

(9)

6 Stress and deformation analysis: simplified method

179

(56)

6.1 Introduction

179

(1)

6.2 Analysis of settlement induced by the construction of diaphragm walls

180

(2)

6.3 Characteristics of wall movement induced by excavation

182

(6)

6.3.1 Safety factors of stability

183

(1)

6.3.2 Excavation width

183

(1)

6.3.3 Excavation depth

184

(1)

6.3.4 Wall penetration depth

184

(1)

6.3.5 Wall stiffness

185

(1)

6.3.6 Strut stiffness

185

(2)

6.3.7 Strut spacing

187

(1)

6.3.8 Strut preload

188

(1)

6.4 Characteristics of ground movement induced by excavation

188

(7)

6.4.1 Shapes and types of ground surface settlement

189

(1)

6.4.2 Influence zones of settlement

190

(3)

6.4.3 Locations of the maximum settlement

193

(1)

6.4.4 Magnitude of the maximum settlement

193

(1)

6.4.5 Relationships between ground surface settlements and soil movements

194

(1)

6.5 Characteristics of excavation bottom movement induced by excavation

195

(2)

6.6 Time dependent movement

197

(3)

6.7 Analysis of wall deformations induced by excavation

200

(1)

6.8 Analysis of ground surface settlements induced by excavation

200

(8)

6.8.1 Peck's method

201

(1)

6.8.2 Bowles's method

202

(1)

6.8.3 Clough and O'Rourke's method

203

(1)

6.8.4 Ou and Hsieh's method

203

(2)

6.8.5 Comparison of the various analysis methods

205

(3)

6.9 Three-dimensional excavation behavior

208

(1)

6.10 Stress analysis

209

(17)

6.10.1 Struts—the apparent earth pressure method

209

(5)

6.10.2 Cantilevered walls—the simplified gross pressure method

214

(1)

6.10.3 Strutted walls—the assumed support method

215

(35)

6.10.3.1 Distribution of lateral earth pressure

216

(1)

6.10.3.2 Location of the assumed support

216

(1)

6.10.3.3 Computation procedure

217

(9)

6.11 Summary and general comments

226

(9)

7 Stress and deformation analysis: beam on elastic foundation method

235

(34)

7.1 Introduction

235

(1)

7.2 Basic principles

236

(2)

7.3 Formulation

238

(5)

7.4 Distribution of lateral earth pressures

243

(2)

7.5 Estimation of coefficient of subgrade reaction

245

(3)

7.6 Estimation of structural parameters

248

(2)

7.7 Analysis methods for excavations

250

(2)

7.7.1 Direct analysis and back analysis

250

(1)

7.7.2 Drained analysis, undrained analysis, and partially drained analysis

251

(1)

7.8 Computation of ground surface settlement

252

(1)

7.9 Limitations of the beam on elastic foundation method

253

(1)

7.10 Application of computer programs

253

(9)

7.10.1 Confirmation of the type of stress used in computer programs

254

(1)

7.10.2 Application of the computer program coded on the sole basis of the effective stress

255

(4)

7.10.3 Application of the computer program coded on the double basis of effective and total stresses

259

(1)

7.10.4 Confirmation of the type of earth pressure theory built into computer programs

259

(1)

7.10.5 Verification through case histories

259

(3)

7.11 Summary and general comments

262

(7)

8 Stress and deformation analysis: finite element method

269

(44)

8.1 Introduction

269

(1)

8.2 Basic principles

270

(7)

8.2.1 Plane strain elements

274

(1)

8.2.2 Bar elements

275

(1)

8.2.3 Beam elements

276

(1)

8.2.4 Interface elements

276

(1)

8.3 Stress-strain relationship and constitutive laws of soils

277

(10)

8.3.1 Elastic incremental model—the hyperbolic model

277

(4)

8.3.2 Linear elastic elastoplastic model

281

(3)

8.3.3 Cam-clay model and other high order models

284

(3)

8.4 Stress-strain relationship of structural materials and structural models

287

(1)

8.5 Determination of initial stresses

288

(3)

8.5.1 Direct input method

289

(1)

8.5.2 Gravity generation method

290

(1)

8.6 Modeling of an excavation process

291

(1)

8.7 Mesh generation

292

(4)

8.7.1 Shape of the element

292

(1)

8.7.2 Density of mesh

293

(1)

8.7.3 Boundary conditions

293

(3)

8.8 Excavation analysis method

296

(3)

8.8.1 Direct analysis and back analysis

296

(1)

8.8.2 Total stress analysis and effective stress analysis

296

(1)

8.8.3 Drained analysis, undrained analysis, and partially drained analysis

297

(1)

8.8.4 Coupled analysis

297

(1)

8.8.5 Plane strain analysis and three-dimensional analysis

298

(1)

8.9 Determination of soil parameters

299

(6)

8.9.1 Parameters for elastic deformation

299

(1)

8.9.2 Parameters for the hyperbolic model

300

(2)

8.9.3 Parameters for the linear elastic elastoplastic model

302

(1)

8.9.4 Parameters for the Cam-clay model and other high order models

303

(2)

8.10 Determination of structural parameters

305

(1)

8.11 Discussion of accuracy of analysis results

305

(2)

8.12 Summary and general comments

307

(6)

9 Dewatering of excavations

313

(48)

9.1 Introduction

313

(1)

9.2 Goals of dewatering

314

(2)

9.3 Methods of dewatering

316

(6)

9.3.1 Open sumps or ditches

316

(2)

9.3.2 Deep wells

318

(1)

9.3.3 Well points

319

(3)

9.4 Well theory

322

(14)

9.4.1 Confined aquifers

322

(9)

9.4.1.1 Full penetration wells

322

(9)

9.4.1.2 Partial penetration well

331

(1)

9.4.2 Free aquifers

331

(3)

9.4.2.1 Full penetration well

332

(2)

9.4.2.2 Partial penetration well

334

(1)

9.4.3 Group wells

334

(2)

9.5 Pumping tests

336

(4)

9.5.1 Step drawdown tests

336

(1)

9.5.2 Constant rate tests

337

(3)

9.5.2.1 Confined aquifers

337

(2)

9.5.2.2 Free aquifers

339

(1)

9.6 Dewatering plan for an excavation

340

(6)

9.6.1 Selection of dewatering methods

340

(1)

9.6.2 Determination of hydraulic parameters

340

(1)

9.6.3 Determination of the capacity of wells

341

(1)

9.6.4 Estimation of the number of wells

342

(2)

9.6.5 Computation of the influence range of drawdown

344

(2)

9.7 Dewatering and ground settlement

346

(11)

9.8 Summary and general comments

357

(4)

10 Design of retaining structural components

361

(48)

10.1 Introduction

361

(1)

10.2 Design methods and factors of safety

361

(1)

10.3 Retaining walls

362

(10)

10.3.1 Soldier piles

363

(1)

10.3.2 Sheet piles

364

(1)

10.3.3 Column piles

365

(1)

10.3.4 Diaphragm walls

365

(10)

10.3.4.1 Vertical main reinforcement

367

(2)

10.3.4.2 Horizontal main reinforcement

369

(1)

10.3.4 3 Shear reinforcement

369

(2)

10.3.4.4 Lap splice length and development length

371

(1)

10.4 Structural components in braced excavations

372

(3)

10.5 Strut systems

375

(11)

10.5.1 Horizontal struts

375

(3)

10.5.1.1 Stress computation

375

(1)

10.5.1.2 Allowable stress

376

(2)

10.5.1.3 Examination of combined stresses

378

(1)

10.5.2 End braces and corner braces

378

(1)

10.5.3 Wales

379

(2)

10.5.4 Center posts

381

(6)

10.5.4.1 Vertical bearing capacity

385

(1)

10.5.4.2 Pullout resistance

386

(1)

10.6 Structural components in anchored excavations

386

(1)

10.7 Anchor systems

387

(13)

10.7.1 Components of anchors

387

(2)

10.7.2 Analysis of anchor load

389

(1)

10.7.3 Arrangement of anchors

390

(2)

10.7.4 Design of anchor heads, anchor stands, and wales

392

(3)

10.7.5 Design of the free section

395

(1)

10.7.6 Design of the fixed section

396

(3)

10.7.6.1 Friction type of anchor

397

(2)

10.7.6.2 Underreamed anchors

399

(1)

10.7.7 Preloading

399

(1)

10.7.8 Design of retaining walls

400

(1)

10.8 Tests of anchors

400

(4)

10.8.1 Proving test

400

(3)

10.8.2 Suitability test

403

(1)

10.8.3 Acceptance test

403

(1)

10.9 Summary and general comments

404

(5)

11 Excavation and protection of adjacent buildings

409

(50)

11.1 Introduction

409

(1)

11.2 Allowable settlement of buildings

410

(5)

11.2.1 Allowable settlement under the building weight

410

(3)

11.2.2 Excavation-induced allowable settlement

413

(2)

11.3 Introduction to soil improvement methods

415

(5)

11.3.1 Chemical grouting method

415

(2)

11.3.2 Jet grouting method

417

(2)

11.3.3 Deep mixing method

419

(1)

11.3.4 Compaction grouting method

419

(1)

11.4 Building protection using the characteristics of excavation-induced deformation

420

(5)

11.4.1 Reduce the unsupported length of the retaining wall

420

(1)

11.4.2 Decrease the influence of creep

421

(1)

11.4.3 Take advantage of corner effect

422

(1)

11.4.4 Take advantage of the characteristics of ground settlement

422

(3)

11.5 Building protection by increasing stiffness of the retaining-strut system

425

(1)

11.6 Building protection by utilizing auxiliary methods

426

(18)

11.6.1 Ground improvement

426

(4)

11.6.2 Counterfort walls

430

(4)

11.6.3 Cross walls

434

(4)

11.6.4 Micro piles

438

(1)

11.6.5 Underpinning

439

(5)

11.7 Construction defects and remedial measures

444

(4)

11.7.1 Leakage through the retaining wall

444

(2)

11.7.2 Dewatering during excavation

446

(1)

11.7.3 Construction of the retaining wall

447

(1)

11.7.4 Pulling out the used piles

447

(1)

11.7.5 Over-excavation

448

(1)

11.8 Building rectification methods

448

(6)

11.8.1 Compaction grouting

448

(3)

11.8.2 Chemical grouting

451

(1)

11.8.3 Underpinning

452

(2)

11.9 Summary and general comments

454

(5)

12 Monitoring systems

459

(44)

12.1 Introduction

459

(1)

12.2 Elements of a monitoring system

460

(1)

12.3 Principles of strain gauges

461

(6)

12.3.1 Wire resistant type of strain gauges

461

(4)

12.3.2 Vibrating type of strain gauges

465

(2)

12.4 Measurement of movement and tilt

467

(12)

12.4.1 Lateral deformation of retaining walls and soils

467

(7)

12.4.2 Tilt of buildings

474

(2)

12.4.3 Ground settlement and building settlement

476

(1)

12.4.4 Heave of excavation bottoms

477

(2)

12.5 Measurement of stress and force

479

(8)

12.5.1 Strut load

479

(2)

12.5.2 Stress of the retaining wall

481

(2)

12.5.3 Earth pressure on the retaining wall

483

(4)

12.6 Measurement of water pressure and groundwater level

487

(4)

12.6.1 Water pressure

487

(3)

12.6.2 Groundwater level

490

(1)

12.7 Other measurement objects

491

(1)

12.8 Plan of monitoring systems

492

(1)

12.9 Application of monitoring systems

493

(5)

12.10 Summary and general comments

498

(5)

Appendix A Conversion factors

503

(4)

A.1 Length

503

(1)

A.2 Area

504

(1)

A.3 Volume or section modulus

504

(1)

A.4 Moment of inertia

504

(1)

A.5 Mass

505

(1)

A.6 Density

505

(1)

A.7 Force or weight

505

(1)

A.8 Stress or pressure

506

(1)

A.9 Unit weight

506

(1)

Appendix B Indices of the case histories: TNEC and buildings P, Q, R, and S

507

(2)

B.1 TNEC

507

(1)

B.2 Building P

507

(1)

B.3 Building Q

508

(1)

B.4 Building R

508

(1)

B.5 Building S

508

(1)

Appendix C Commonly used steel sections or piles

509

(4)

C.1 H-steel (or W-section)

509

(1)

C.2 I-section

510

(1)

C.3 U-section sheet piles

510

(1)

C.4 Z-section sheet piles

510

(1)

C.5 Line-section sheet piles

511

(1)

C.6 Rail piles

511

(2)

Appendix D Definition of plane strain

513

(2)

Answers to selected problems

515

(4)

References

519

(10)

Index

529

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Deep Excavation: Theory and Practice

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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5% off 1 book, 7% off 2 books, 10% off 3+ books

Deep Excavation: Theory and Practice

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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