Democracy Promotion in the EUÆs Neighbourhood: From Leverage to Governance?

EU external democracy promotion has traditionally been based on 'linkage', i.e. bottom-up support for democratic forces in third countries, and 'leverage', i.e. the top-down inducement of political elites towards democratic reforms through political conditionality. The advent of the European Neighbourhood Policy and new forms of association have introduced a new, third model of democracy promotion which rests in functional cooperation between administrations. This volume comparatively defines and assesses these three models of external democracy promotion in the EU's relations with its eastern and southern neighbours. It argues that while 'linkage' has hitherto failed to produce tangible outcomes, and the success of 'leverage' has basically been tied to an EU membership perspective, the 'governance' model of democracy promotion bears greater potential beyond the circle of candidate countries. This third approach, while not tackling the core institutions of the political system as such, but rather promoting transparency, accountability, and participation at the level of state administration, may turn out to remain the EU's most tangible form of democratic governance promotion after the Arab Spring. As the transition countries will not be considered for membership even in the longer term, and given the weakness of civil society in the region, both the leverage and the linkage model are doomed to retrain the limits identified in this book. Established functional cooperation with the EU is however likely to persist political transition, and with it the transfer of democratic governance rules based on principles of accountability, participation and transparency. This book was originally published as a special issue of Democratization.