Demography and Nutrition Evidence from Historical and Contemporary Populations

, by Scott, Susan; Duncan, Christopher J.

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ISBN: 9780632059836 | 0632059834
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/8/2002

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This exciting new book looks in detail at the effects of nutrition on population dynamics. Drawing examples from around the world, and using knowledge of modern biochemistry and physiology of nutrition, and time-series statistical analysis of data, the authors explain historical epidemiology, providing a full and fascinating insight into this fundamental subject.

Preface

Introduction

(15)

The history of human diet

(1)

The diet of the hunter-gatherers

(1)

Demographic change linked to the beginnings of agriculture

(1)

To which diet is modern man adapted?

(1)

Consequences of an agricultural life-style

(2)

Domestication of animals

(1)

Interactions between demographic pressures and diet

(1)

Height and nutrition

(1)

The working class diet in pre-industrial England

(6)

Mortality Oscillations in 404 English Parishes -- a Metapopulation Study

(9)

Use of time-series analysis techniques

(3)

Exogenous oscillations in 404 parishes

(1)

The role of wheat prices in driving exogenous population oscillations

(1)

Short wavelength oscillation in baptisms in 404 parishes

(1)

Conclusions

(3)

The Staple Food Supply: Fluctuating Wheat Prices and Malnutrition

(20)

Hypotheses to account for fluctuating grain prices

(2)

Sources for the data series

(1)

Cycles in the wheat price index

(1)

Oats and barley price indices

(2)

Correspondence between the grain price indices in England

(4)

The effect of seasonal temperatures on wheat prices

(4)

The effect of rainfall on wheat prices

(1)

Wheat prices and short wavelength temperature cycles

(1)

Use of a predicted wheat prices series

(1)

What drove the different cycles in wheat prices?

(1)

Rust and other parasitic infestations of grain crops

(2)

Conclusions

(2)

Famine

(31)

Major famines in world history

(1)

The demographic impact of famine

(1)

Changes in fertility

(2)

The Bangladesh famine of 1974--5: a case study

(2)

The Dutch famine of 1944--5: a case study

(4)

The siege of Leningrad, 1941--4

(1)

Why do women survive famine better than men?

(1)

Famines in pre-industrial England

(6)

Famine at Penrith, Cumbria, 1623: a case study

(3)

Interacting economic factors causing famines in northwest England

(4)

The mortality crisis of 1623 in northwestern England

(5)

Conclusions

(1)

Long-term Demographic Effects of even a Small Famine

(16)

Endogenous oscillations in the population at Penrith, Cumbria, England

(3)

Modelling the population dynamics

(4)

Incorporation of density-dependent constraints into the matrix model

(5)

Conclusions: endogenous population oscillations

(4)

Fertility

(27)

The importance of body fat

(1)

Adipose tissue

(1)

The role of leptin in the control of fertility

(2)

Menarche

(1)

Is leptin needed for the initiation of puberty?

(1)

Nutrition and fertility in the twentieth century

(1)

Hutterite women: the upper limit of fertility?

(1)

Fertility in the bushmen of the Kalahari Desert

(1)

Effects of chronic malnutrition on fertility: a case study

100

(8)

Procreative power

108

(2)

Fertility in pre-industrial England

110

(2)

Breast-feeding, fertility and population growth in the twentieth century

112

(3)

The menopause

115

(1)

Does malnutrition really affect fecundity?

116

(1)

Overview of the fertility levels in England during a 400-year period

117

(2)

Nutrition and Pregnancy

119

(24)

Clues from the geographical distribution of infant mortality rates

120

(1)

The data series

121

(1)

The placenta

122

(1)

Programming

123

(1)

Proportionate small size at birth

124

(1)

The mechanisms that underlie programming of the embryo

125

(1)

Maternal--foetal conflict

126

(1)

Foetal adaptations to malnutrition

126

(2)

Overview of the effects of maternal undernutrition on the three stages of gestation

128

(1)

The effects of maternal nutrition on foetal growth and development

128

(1)

Fingerprints

129

(1)

Relationship between foetal growth and adult lung function

130

(1)

Maternal diet and the immune function of the offspring

131

(1)

Micronutrients and foetal growth

132

(2)

Supplementation of the maternal diet during pregnancy

134

(1)

Protein nutrition in the perinatal period

135

(2)

Stress hormones and pregnancy

137

(1)

Intergenerational effects on foetal development

138

(1)

Recommended nutrient intake in pregnant women today

139

(2)

Conclusions

141

(2)

Infancy

143

(17)

Lactation

143

(1)

Nutritional requirements in infancy today

144

(3)

Nutritional value of breast milk

147

(2)

Low birthweight infants

149

(2)

The malnourished infant

151

(2)

Weaning

153

(3)

The age of weaning

156

(2)

Catch-up growth

158

(2)

Infant Mortality

160

(35)

Bourgeois-Pichat plots

161

(5)

Infant mortality in pre-industrial England

166

(1)

Infant mortality at Penrith, Cumbria, England: a case study

167

(8)

The three social classes in the population at Penrith

175

(1)

Diets in the different social classes of a marginal community

175

(3)

The maternal diet in pre-industrial Cumbria

178

(2)

Birth intervals following deaths in infancy at Penrith

180

(1)

Infant mortality in the three social classes at Penrith

181

(2)

Breast-feeding and wet-nursing at Penrith

183

(4)

Indicators of nutritional deficiency in pre-industrial Penrith

187

(2)

Overview of the effects of malnutrition and nursing practices in the different social classes at Penrith

189

(3)

Contribution of malnutrition and differential nursing practices to steady-state dynamics at Penrith

192

(3)

Exogenous Cycles: A Case Study

195

(24)

Interactions of exogenous cycles

195

(2)

The short wavelength cycle in child burials

197

(2)

Adult mortality cycles

199

(1)

Infant mortality at Penrith

200

(4)

Short wavelength oscillation in baptisms at Penrith

204

(2)

Medium wavelength oscillation in adult burials at Penrith

206

(1)

Oscillations in migration at Penrith

206

(1)

Interactions between the different oscillations: a demographic overview

207

(4)

Variation in the interaction of exogenous cycles at Penrith in different cohorts

211

(8)

The Amelioration of Infant Mortality in Rural England

219

(23)

Infant mortality in rural Shropshire, 1561--1810

219

(5)

Infant mortality in England, 1550--1849

224

(5)

The 26 rural parishes studied by Wrigley et al.

229

(3)

Infant mortality rates in France in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

232

(2)

The population boom after 1750

234

(4)

Effects of nutrition on steady-state population dynamics

238

(1)

Infant mortality in nineteenth and twentieth century England

238

(4)

Iodine Deficiency and Endogenous Mortality

242

(10)

Seasonal changes in iodine metabolism

243

(1)

Effects of iodine deficiency

243

(3)

Endemic goitre in England

246

(2)

Case study of Chesterfield, Derbyshire

248

(1)

Endogenous mortality and iodine deficiency in England and Wales in the twentieth century

249

(3)

Seasonality

252

(17)

Astrology

253

(1)

Seasonality of births

254

(3)

Seasonality of infant deaths in developing countries

257

(1)

Seasonality of baptisms in England, 1613--30

258

(1)

Seasonality of baptisms at Penrith, Cumbria, 1600--1800

259

(1)

Seasonality of baptisms in England, 1600--1800

260

(2)

Seasonality of neonatal mortality in pre-industrial England

262

(3)

Seasonality of abortions and stillbirths

265

(4)

Sex Ratios

269

(6)

Why are there more live male births?

270

(1)

The importance of sample size

271

(1)

The preference for sons

271

(2)

Does maternal nutrition affect the primary or secondary sex ratios?

273

(2)

Childhood Mortality and Infectious Diseases

275

(28)

The biology of infectious diseases

275

(1)

Epidemiology and modelling of infectious diseases

276

(2)

Interaction of nutrition and infection

278

(1)

The impact of malnutrition on resistance to infection

279

(3)

The effect of malnutrition on the mortality from infectious diseases

282

(2)

Diarrhoeal diseases

284

(4)

Conclusions: nutrition and infectious diseases

288

(1)

Smallpox in rural towns

288

(2)

Smallpox in London

290

(3)

Measles epidemics in London, 1630--1837

293

(4)

Whooping cough epidemics in London, 1701--1812

297

(3)

Direct effects of malnutrition on child mortality

300

(3)

Population Dynamics, Disease and Malnutrition in the Nineteenth Century in England

303

(13)

Smallpox in England and Wales, 1847--93

303

(2)

Scarlet fever in England and Wales, 1847--93

305

(2)

Diphtheria in England and Wales, 1855--93

307

(2)

Scarlet fever in Liverpool, 1848--80

309

(2)

Measles in Liverpool, 1863--1900

311

(1)

Whooping cough in Liverpool, 1863--1900

312

(4)

Ageing

316

(13)

Human survival curves

317

(3)

Life expectancy

320

(2)

How does a restricted diet decrease the rate of ageing?

322

(2)

Human longevity and diet

324

(3)

Dietary fats and ageing

327

(1)

Are the rates of ageing determined in utero?

327

(2)

Conclusions

329

(8)

To which diet are we adapted?

330

(1)

Nutrition in pregnancy

331

(3)

Overview of the interaction of human demography and nutrition

334

(1)

Malthusian demographic theory

335

(2)

Appendix

337

(3)

References

340

(23)

Index

363

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Demography and Nutrition Evidence from Historical and Contemporary Populations

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials