Dendrimers in Medicine And Biotechnology

Dendrimers are a new class of macromolecule increasingly used in the fields of synthetic organic chemistry, biology, medicine and biotechnology. Dendrimers in Medicine and Biotechnology: New Molecular Tools looks at this exciting and rapidly growing area of science. Using an interdisciplinary approach with particular emphasis on biological applications, the book discusses the relationship between the dendrimer molecular motif and its biological properties. A general introduction to the subject of dendrimers, including definitions of terms and symbols, is provided. Subsequent sections discuss topics including dendrimers in biological systems, dendrimers as drug delivery devices, dendrimers in diagnostics and dendrimer drugs. Throughout the book, examples from current research are also provided. This book will appeal to a wide range of scientists, including non-specialists who require an introduction to dendrimers, as well as those wishing to know more about the applications of dendrimers in the fields of biology and medicine.

Chapter 1 Dendrimers: Design, Synthesis and Chemical Properties

1

(27)

1.1 Introduction

1

(2)

1.2 Terms and Nomenclature in Dendrimer Chemistry

3

(4)

1.3 Dendrimer Design

7

(1)

1.4 Dendrimer Synthesis

8

(8)

1.5 Physicochemical Properties of Dendrimers

16

(8)

1.6 Summary

24

(1)

References

24

(4)

Chapter 2 Properties of Dendrimers in Biological Systems

28

(34)

2.1 Significance of Multivalent Binding in Biological Interactions

28

(4)

2.1.1 Dendritic Effect

29

(1)

2.1.2 Carbohydrate Ligands

30

(2)

2.2 Biocompatibility of Dendrimers

32

(1)

2.3 In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Dendrimers

32

(11)

2.4 In Vivo Cytotoxicity of Dendrimers

43

(3)

2.5 Biopermeability of Dendrimers

46

(9)

2.6 Biodistribution of Dendrimers

55

(2)

2.7 Immunogenicity of Dendrimers

57

(1)

2.8 Summary

57

(2)

References

59

(3)

Chapter 3 Dendrimers as Drug Delivery Devices

62

(28)

3.1 Introduction

62

(1)

3.2 Dendrimer Hosts

63

(13)

3.2.1 Dendrimer Hosts: Non-Specific Interactions with the Dendrimer Core

64

(6)

3.2.2 Dendritic Boxes or Topological Trapping of Guests

70

(1)

3.2.3 Dendrimer Hosts: Specific Interactions with the Dendrimer Core

71

(1)

3.2.4 Dendrimer Hosts: Non-Polar Interactions with the Dendrimer Surface Group

72

(1)

3.2.5 Dendrimer Hosts: Polar Interactions with the Dendrimer Surface Groups

73

(3)

3.3 Covalently Bound Drug-Dendrimer Conjugates

76

(5)

3.3.1 Self-Immolative Systems

79

(2)

3.4 Dendrimers as Gene Transfer Reagents

81

(4)

3.5 Summary

85

(1)

References

85

(5)

Chapter 4 Dendrimer Drugs

90

(40)

4.1 Introduction

90

(1)

4.2 Antiviral Dendrimers

91

(6)

4.3 Antibacterial Dendrimers

97

(6)

4.4 Dendrimers in Antitumour Therapy

103

(3)

4.5 Dendrimers in Therapy of Other Diseases

106

(1)

4.6 Dendrimer-Based Vaccines

107

(12)

4.7 Dendrimer Interactions with Proteins. Solublilisation of Protein Aggregates

119

(4)

4.8 Summary

123

(1)

References

124

(6)

Chapter 5 Dendrimers in Diagnostics

130

(22)

5.1 Contrast Agents based on Dendrimers

130

(3)

5.1.1 Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for CT

131

(1)

5.1.2 Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for MRI

132

(1)

5.1.3 Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Scintigraphy

133

(1)

5.2 Fluorescence Enhanced by Dendrimers

133

(2)

5.3 Dendrimers in Bioassays

135

(14)

5.3.1 Dendrimer-Enhanced Signal Generation

135

(4)

5.3.2 Dendrimers for Amplifying the Covalent Binding Capacity of Solid Phases

139

(2)

5.3.3 Microarray Application of Dendrimers

141

(4)

5.3.4 Fluorophore-Labelled -Dendrimers for Visualisation Purposes

145

(2)

5.3.5 Using Dendrimers to Increase DNA Extraction Yields

147

(1)

5.3.6 Using Dendrimers for direct Detection of Live Bacteria

148

(1)

5.4 Summary

149

(1)

References

149

(3)

Chapter 6 Dendrimers as Biomimics

152

(21)

6.1 Introduction

152

(1)

6.2 Dendrimers as Protein Mimics

153

(8)

6.3 Dendrimers as Artificial Enzymes

161

(6)

6.4 Dendrimers as Artificial Antigens, Cell Surfaces and Antibodies

167

(3)

6.5 Summary

170

(1)

References

171

(2)

Subject Index

173

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Dendrimers in Medicine And Biotechnology

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