Dental Biomechanics

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ISBN: 9780415306669 | 0415306663
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 4/24/2003

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Dental Biomechanics is a wide reaching text that provides a comprehensive survey of the field, leading the reader through the approaches that can be adopted in the mechanical analysis of dental problems, both in dental implants and in orthodontics as well as in natural tooth mechanics. With contributions from leading international experts in the field, it presents an innovative multidisciplinary approach covering the mechanics of the biological tissues, the physical and chemical characteristics of the materials used in dental practice and the most relevant clinical aspects. It also illustrates the potential of computer-aided technology in areas such as dental imaging and oral rehabilitation. Book jacket.

Preface

xii

List of Contributors

1. Mechanics of bone tissue

(19)

AN NATALI, RT HART, PG PAVAN, I KNETS

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 Bone

(1)

1.3 Experimental testing and results

(6)

1.3.1 Anisotropic characteristics of bone tissue

(1)

1.3.2 Time dependent response

(1)

1.3.3 Bone hydration

(1)

1.3.4 Influence of specimen location and age

(1)

1.3.5 Fatigue strength

(1)

1.3.6 Trabecular bone: mechanical properties

(1)

1.3.7 Analysis using the ultrasound technique

(1)

1.4 Constitutive models for bone

(4)

1.4.1 Linear elastic models

(2)

1.4.2 Structural properties

(1)

1.4.3 Limit state of bone

(1)

1.5 Role of mechanics in adaptation

(4)

1.5.1 Phenomenological models

(2)

1.5.2 Mechanistic models

(1)

1.6 Conclusions

(1)

References

(3)

2. Mechanics of periodontal ligament

(15)

M NISHIHIRA, K YAMAMOTO, Y SATO, H ISHIKAWA, AN NATALI

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Constitutive models for the periodontal ligament

(4)

2.2.1 Hyperelastic constitutive models

(1)

2.2.2 Visco-elastic constitutive models

(2)

2.2.3 Multi-phase constitutive models

(1)

2.3 Review of the mechanical properties of the PDL

(2)

2.3.1 Experimental studies on the viscoelasticity of the PDL

(1)

2.3.2 Experimental studies on the elastic constants of the PDL

(1)

2.4 Measurements of the elastic modulus of the PDL

(7)

2.4.1 Materials

(1)

2.4.2 Mechanical testing machine

(3)

2.4.3 Mechanical tests on the PDL

(1)

2.4.4 Results

(1)

2.4.5 Discussion

(2)

2.5 Conclusions

(1)

References

(2)

3. Computer tomography for virtual models in dental imaging

(32)

AN NATALI, MM VIOLA

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Foundations of X-ray Computed Tomography

(7)

3.2.1 Physical principles of x-ray absorption

(1)

3.2.2 Data acquisition

(1)

3.2.3 Reconstruction algorithms

(2)

3.2.3.1 Iterative Method

(1)

3.2.3.2 Filtered Back Projection

(1)

3.2.4 X-ray production

(1)

3.2.5 X-ray detectors

(2)

3.2.6 Volume reconstruction in computed tomography

(1)

3.2.7 CT relief accuracy

(1)

3.3 CT software for dento-maxillo-facial imaging

(1)

3.4 Notes on NMR applications in maxillo-facial area

(1)

3.5 Virtual model generation

(6)

3.5.1 Geometric model

(3)

3.5.1.1 Segmentation techniques

(1)

3.5.1.1.1 Thresholding technique

(1)

3.5.1.1.2 Edge finding techniques

(1)

3.5.1.2 Border definition

(1)

3.5.2 Material characteristics estimation

(4)

3.5.2.1 Densitometry

(1)

3.5.2.2 Mechanical properties

(1)

3.6 Conclusions

(1)

References

(2)

4. Computer-aided, pre-surgical analysis for oral rehabilitation

(15)

H VAN OOSTERWYCK, J VANDER SLOTEN, J DUYCK, J VAN CLEYNENBREUGEL, B PUERS, I NAERT

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 Methodology

(6)

4.2.1 CT based anatomical modelling

(2)

4.2.2 CT based bone properties

(3)

4.3 Analysis developed

(5)

4.3.1 Influence of oral restoration parameters on bone loading

(3)

4.3.2 In vivo bone loading patterns

(2)

4.4 Pre-surgical analysis

(1)

4.5 From planning to clinical practice: a technological challenge

(2)

4.6 Conclusions 66

References

(198)

5. Materials in dental implantology

(21)

E FERNÁNDEZ, FJ GIL, C APARICIO, M NILSSON, S SARDA, D RODRIGUEZ, MP GINEBRA, JM MANERO, M NAVARRO, J CASALS, JA PLANELL

5.1 Introduction

(1)

5.2 Metals and alloys for dental implant devices

(1)

5.3 Titanium and its alloys for medical devices

(3)

5.3.1 Grade-1 CP-titanium

(1)

5.3.2 Grade-2 CP-titanium

(2)

5.3.3 Grade-3 CP-titanium

(1)

5.3.4 Grade-4 CP-titanium

(1)

5.4 Manufacturing processes of titanium alloys

(2)

5.4.1 Casting titanium alloys

(1)

5.4.2 Welding titanium alloys

(1)

5.4.3 Forging titanium alloys

(1)

5.4.4 Powder metallurgy and titanium alloys

(1)

5.5 Machining titanium alloys

(4)

5.6 Surface treatments on titanium alloys

(5)

5.6.1 Mechanical treatments

(2)

5.6.2 Diffusion treatments

(1)

5.6.3 Chemical deposition

(1)

5.6.3.1 The Method of Ohtsuki

(1)

5.6.3.2 The Method of Kokubo

(1)

5.6.3.3 The Method of Li

(1)

5.6.3.4 The Method of Campbell

(1)

5.6.3.5 The Method of Klas De Groot

(1)

5.6.3.6 The Method of Ducheyne

(1)

5.7 Improving the reliability of implant osseointegration

(2)

5.8 Conclusions

(1)

References

(3)

6. Dental devices in titanium-based materials via casting route

(21)

F BONOLLO, AN NATALI, PG PAYAN

6.1 Introduction

(1)

6.2 Microstructure and properties of titanium and its alloys

(4)

6.3 Shaping of titanium components by casting processes

(4)

6.3.1 Investment casting

(1)

6.3.2 Pressure-assisted casting of titanium

(2)

6.4 Effects of processing on the quality of castings

(1)

6.5 A case history: manufacturing a titanium framework

(8)

6.5.1 The framework and the casting process

(2)

6.5.2 Visualising the process by means of numerical simulation

101

(6)

6.6 Mechanical analysis of titanium bars

107

(1)

6.7 Conclusions

108

(1)

References

109

(2)

7. Testing the reliability of dental implant devices

111

(21)

M SONCINI, RP PIETRABISSA, AN NATALI, PG PAVAN, KR WILLIAMS

7.1 Introduction

111

(1)

7.2 Mechanical reliability of dental implants

112

(3)

7.2.1 Dental implant configuration

112

(2)

7.2.2 Materials and surface treatments

114

(1)

7.2.3 Loading conditions

114

(1)

7.3 Mechanical testing of dental implants

115

(7)

7.3.1 Experimental tests for evaluating ultimate load

116

(1)

7.3.1.1 Analysis of the post-elastic behaviour of dental implants

117

(1)

7.3.2 Numerical simulation of experimental tests

118

(2)

7.3.3 Fatigue tests for evaluating the long-term reliability of dental implants

120

(2)

7.4 Experimental tests to evaluate the efficiency of bone-implant interaction

122

(4)

7.4.1 The experimental procedure

123

(1)

7.4.2 The mechanical test results

124

(2)

7.4.3 Morphological aspects of the bone surrounding implants

126

(1)

7.5 Conclusions

126

(1)

References

127

(5)

8. On the mechanics of superelastic orthodontic appliances

132

(27)

FA AURICCHIO, VC CACCIAFESTA, LP PETRINI, RP PIETRABISSA

8.1 Introduction

132

(4)

8.2 Shape-memory materials

136

(2)

8.3 SMA in dentistry: state of the art

138

(3)

8.3.1 Applications

138

(1)

8.3.2 Experimental investigations

139

(1)

8.3.3 Constitutive law and numerical modelling

140

(1)

8.4 A new experimental investigation

141

(4)

8.4.1 Materials and methods

141

(1)

8.4.2 Cyclic loading at slow rate

142

(1)

8.4.3 Comments on experimental results

142

(3)

8.5 Orthodontic simulation

145

(11)

8.5.1 Archwire

148

(3)

8.5.2 Retraction T-loop

151

(3)

8.5.3 Retraction V-loop

154

(2)

8.6 Conclusions

156

(1)

References

156

(3)

9. Clinical procedures for dental implants

159

(24)

G VOGEL, S ABATI, E ROMEO, M CHIAPASCO

9.1 Introduction

159

(1)

9.2 Diagnostic procedures

159

(4)

9.2.1 Medical history

159

(2)

9.2.2 Extra-oral clinical examination

161

(1)

9.2.3 Intra-oral clinical examination

161

(1)

9.2.4 Study casts and waxing

162

(1)

9.2.5 Evaluation of implant site

162

(1)

9.3 Surgical procedure in oral implantology

163

(12)

9.3.1 Antisepsis and patient preparation

163

(1)

9.3.2 Atraumatic surgery for implant placement

164

(7)

9.3.3 Prevention and treatment of surgical complications

171

(1)

9.3.3.1 Intraoperative complications

171

(1)

9.3.3.2 Postoperative complications

173

(2)

9.4 Designing the prosthetic rehabilitation in oral implantology

175

(3)

9.4.1 Load factors on implant supported rehabilitations

176

(1)

9.4.2 Prosthetic framework and prosthetic leverage

176

(1)

9.4.3 Number and position of implants

177

(1)

9.4.4 Connection to teeth

177

(1)

9.5 Prognostic evaluation in oral implantology

178

(1)

9.6 Conclusions

179

(1)

References

180

(3)

10. Clinical procedures in orthodontics

183

(28)

G GARATTINI, MC MEAZZINI

10.1 Introduction

183

(4)

10.1.1 Diagnosis

183

(2)

10.1.2 Orthodontic treatment planning

185

(2)

10.2 Components of orthodontic appliances and their action

187

(6)

10.2.1 Removable appliances

187

(3)

10.2.2 Fixed appliances

190

(1)

10.2.2.1 Brackets

190

(1)

10.2.2.2 Bands

192

(1)

10.2.2.3 Archwires

192

(1)

10.2.2.4 Elastics and springs

193

(1)

10.3 Biomechanics in orthodontic clinical practice

193

(16)

10.3.1 Basic mechanical diagnosis

193

(1)

10.3.2 Mechanical treatment planning

194

(1)

10.3.2.1 Visualized treatment objectives

194

(1)

10.3.2.2 Glossary of orthodontic biomechanics

196

(1)

10.3.2.3 Mechanical treatment plan

197

(1)

10.3.3 Appliance configuration

198

(1)

10.3.3.1 Two tooth systems

198

(1)

10.3.3.2 Intrusion mechanics

201

(1)

10.3.3.3 Transpalatal bars and lingual arches

203

(1)

10.3.3.4 Headgear

204

(1)

10.3.3.5 The mechanics of space closure

206

(1)

10.3.3.6 Uprighting mechanics

208

(1)

10.4 Conclusions

209

(1)

References

209

(2)

11. Numerical approach to dental biomechanics

211

(29)

AN NATALI, PG PAVAN

11.1 Introduction

211

(1)

11.2 Interaction between implant and bone

212

(2)

11.2.1 Mechanical characterisation of bone tissue

213

(1)

11.2.2 Implant loading

214

(1)

11.2.3 Boundary conditions

214

(1)

11.3 Mechanics of single implants

214

(8)

11.4 Mechanics of multiple implant systems

222

(5)

11.4.1 Geometrical configuration

222

(1)

11.4.2 Loading conditions

223

(4)

11.5 The mobility of natural dentition

227

(10)

11.5.1 Geometric configuration of the periodontium

228

(1)

11.5.2 Loading configurations

228

(1)

11.5.3 Constitutive models

229

(1)

11.5.4 Numerical analysis of in vivo response

230

(1)

11.5.4.1 Non-linear elastic response

231

(1)

11.5.4.2 Time-dependent behaviour

232

(3)

11.5.5 Pseudo-elasticity

235

(2)

11.6 Conclusions

237

(1)

References

238

(2)

12. Mechanics of materials

240

(25)

AN NATALI, PG PAVAN, EM MEROI

12.1 Introduction

240

(1)

12.2 Material models

240

(4)

12.3 Deformation of continuum

244

(5)

12.3.1 Kinematics

244

(1)

12.3.2 Strain and its measures

245

(4)

12.4 The concept of stress and its measures

249

(3)

12.4.1 Stress vector

249

(1)

12.4.2 Cauchy stress tensor

250

(1)

12.4.2.1 The symmetry of the Cauchy stress tensor

251

(1)

12.4.3 Different stress measures

252

(1)

12.5 Balance laws

252

(2)

12.5.1 Conservation of mass

253

(1)

12.5.2 Weak form of momenta balance

253

(1)

12.6 Constitutive models

254

(9)

12.6.1 Linear elasticity

255

(1)

12.6.1.1 Extension of finite displacements

256

(1)

12.6.2 Non-linear elasticity

257

(1)

12.6.2.1 Hyperelasticity

257

(2)

12.6.3 Linear viscoelasticity

259

(1)

12.6.4 Elasto-damage models

260

(1)

12.6.5 Multi-phase media

261

(1)

12.6.5.1 Balance conditions

262

(1)

12.6.5.2 Constitutive laws

263

(1)

12.7 Conclusions

263

(1)

References

264

(1)

Index

265

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Dental Biomechanics

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Table of Contents

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