Designing With Light

Designing With Light: The Art, Science, and Practice of Architectural Lighting Design is a comprehensive introduction to the intelligent use of lighting to define and enhance a space. The book explores all aspects of the process, including aesthetics, technology, and practicalities, in a clear, concise manner designed to provide the reader with a full working knowledge of lighting design. Color illustrations throughout demonstrate the real-world effects of the concepts presented, and the companion website offers video animations and exercises to better illuminate the art and science of lighting. The book addresses the considerations that should be a part of any designer's process, and provides thorough guidance on meeting the various demands with smarter design.

Lighting is an essential element of interior design, and despite its ubiquity, is difficult to truly master. A designer with a fundamental and conceptual understanding of light is empowered to create simple, typical spaces, or work intelligently with lighting consultants on more complex projects. Designing With Light contains special discussions on color, light, and health, as well as the latest information on energy efficient lighting, control systems, and other technologies. Topics include:

• Physics, psychology, and perception of light
• Current and future lighting technology
• Communication, documentation, and the design process
• Sustainability, daylighting, and energy efficiency

The book also contains an entire chapter on building and energy codes, as well as practical guidance on photometrics and calculations. Lighting can make or break an otherwise well-designed space, so designers need the background to be able to think intelligently about illumination factors during all stages of the process. With comprehensive coverage and thorough explanation, Designing With Light is a complete resource for students and professionals alike.

JASON LIVINGSTON is principal of Studio T+L, an interdisciplinary studio of theatrical and architectural designers and consultants. Livingston also teaches lighting design at Parsons School of Design and Pratt Institute.

Preface xiii

Acknowledgments xiv

About the Author xv

Chapter 1: The Lighting Design Profession 1

The Lighting Designer’s Scope of Practice 2

Professional Lighting Design Credentials 4

Online Resources 5

References 6

Chapter 2: Designing with Light 7

What is Lighting Design? 7

Beginning the Design 8

Thinking about Light 9

Thinking about Luminaires 14

Thinking about Architecture 15

Thinking about Everything—Layers of Light 16

Communicating Design Ideas 17

Approaches to the Lighting Design Process 22

Additional Considerations 34

Online Resources 34

References 35

Chapter 3: What is Light? 37

Light is Illumination 37

Light is Rays of Vision 38

Light is Material 38

Light is Waves 39

Light is Particles 39

Light is Waves, Again 40

Light is Waves and Particles, aka Quanta 41

Light is Art 41

Light is a Tool 43

Online Resources 45

References 45

Chapter 4: How We See 47

The Path of Light 47

The Eye 48

How We See Color 51

Visual Performance 53

Online Resources 55

References 56

Chapter 5: Light, Vision, and Psychology 57

Perception 57

Impressions 58

Lighting, Architecture, and Impressions 59

Online Resources 66

References 66

Chapter 6: Distribution of Light 67

Interaction of Light and Materials 67

Shadows and Luminaires 72

Glare 73

Types of Distribution 76

Online Resources 78

References 78

Chapter 7: Lamps 79

Incandescent Lamps 79

Halogen Lamps 81

Fluorescent Lamps 82

High Intensity Discharge 84

Light Emitting Diode 86

Other Lamp Technologies 88

Arriving Technologies 89

Lamp Shapes 91

Lamp Sizes 94

Lamp Bases 96

Beam Angle and Field Angle 99

Describing a Lamp 100

Selecting a Light Source 104

Lamp Information for Consumers 106

Online Resources 106

References 108

Chapter 8: Color in Light 109

Colors of White Light 109

Color Rendering 112

Color Stability 117

Colored Light 122

Sources of Colored Light 127

Use of Color 130

Online Resources 139

References 140

Chapter 9: Lighting Fixtures or Luminaires 141

Luminaire Components 142

Common Luminaire Types 144

Luminaire Accessories 154

Mounting Conditions 154

Outdoor Luminaires 157

Luminaire Consideration Summary 158

Reading Manufacturer’s Literature 158

Modifying Luminaires 161

Custom Luminaires 161

Luminaire Information and Sales 161

Online Resources 165

References 166

Chapter 10: Daylighting 167

The Benefits of Daylighting 167

Planning for Daylighting 168

Glazing 171

Designing Daylighting 171

Shading Strategies 176

Online Resources 176

References 178

Chapter 11: Documenting the Design 179

Phases of the Architectural Design Process 179

Design Documentation 182

Luminaire Cut Sheets 199

Luminaire or Fixture Schedule 199

Specifications 209

Layout and Installation Details 210

Online Resources 222

References 223

Chapter 12: Lighting Controls 225

Electricity and Electrical Engineering 225

The Need for Controls 227

Basic Controls 228

Types of Dimmers 228

Intermediate Controls 232

Large-Scale Control Systems 235

Control Protocols 237

Control System Features 239

Documenting Controls 240

Online Resources 242

References 243

Chapter 13: Photometrics and Calculations 245

Terms Describing Brightness 245

Units for Measuring Light 246

Illuminance 246

Reflectance 247

How Much Light is Required? 247

Illuminance Calculations 248

Software for Calculations 258

Online Resources 261

References 263

Chapter 14: Building and Energy Codes 265

Model Codes 265

Verifying Energy Code Compliance 269

Online Resources 270

References 271

Chapter 15: Sustainability 273

Voluntary Energy Programs 273

Life-Cycle Cost Analysis 276

Payback, or Return on Investment 278

Online Resources 278

References 279

Chapter 16: Light and Health 281

Biological Rhythms 281

Light Deficiency and Light Therapy 283

Harmful Effects of Light 284

Light and the Aging Eye 284

Online Resources 285

References 285

Appendix I: Lighting Design–Related Professional Organizations 287

Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) 287

International Association of Lighting Designers (IALD) 287

Designers Lighting Forum (DLF) 288

International Commission on Illumination (CIE) 288

National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) 288

International Dark-Sky Association 288

Appendix II: Lighting-Related Trade Publications 289

Architectural Lighting 289

Theatrical Lighting 290

Architecture and Interior Design 290

Green Building 291

Glossary 293

Index 307

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