Detonation Theory and Experiment

This advanced and specialized introduction to the hydrodynamics of detonation offers a theoretical and observational overview. It explores the "simple theory" and experimental tests of the theory; flow in a reactive medium; steady detonation; the nonsteady solution; and the structure of the detonation front. Many simple cases are worked out for illustration. 1979 edition.

Preface to the Dover Edition

xi

Preface

xiii

Acknowledgments

xiv

Introduction

1

(1)

History

2

(9)

Plan of the Book

11

(2)

The Simple Theory

13

(42)

The Simplest Theory

16

(8)

Conservation Laws

16

(5)

D-Discussion

21

(1)

Piston Problem

21

(3)

Application of the Simplest Theory; Product Equations of State

24

(18)

Equations of State Without Explicit Chemistry

25

(6)

Equations of State With Explicit Chemistry

31

(3)

Kamlet's Short Method

34

(1)

Quasistatic Cycle for Detonations

35

(3)

Overview

38

(4)

The Zeldovich-von Neumann-Doering Model

42

(13)

Example 1: Gas

45

(1)

Example 2: Solid

46

(6)

Appendix 2A. Formulas for Detonation in a Polytropic Gas

52

(3)

Experimental Tests of the Simple Theory

55

(20)

Gases

56

(12)

Experiment

59

(6)

Discussion

65

(3)

Solids and Liquids

68

(7)

Theory

69

(2)

Experiment

71

(4)

Flow in a Reactive Medium

75

(58)

The Model

76

(26)

Chemical Reactions

79

(9)

Equation of State and Rate

88

(1)

Equations of Motion

89

(2)

Other Forms of the Equations of Motion

91

(6)

Steady Solutions

97

(4)

The Shock-Change Equation

101

(1)

Material Properties

102

(6)

The Polytropic Gas

103

(2)

Binary Mixture of Different Polytropic Gases

105

(3)

Representative Flows

108

(25)

Flow Without Reaction

109

(1)

Reaction Without Flow

109

(1)

Sound Waves in a Reactive Mixture

110

(1)

Shock Wave in a Reactive Mixture

110

(4)

Rarefaction Wave in a Reactive Mixture

114

(1)

Appendix 4A. Chemical Reaction Equations

114

(7)

Appendix 4B. Temperature from Internal Energy

121

(3)

Appendix 4C. Equations of Motion for Slab, Cylinder, and Sphere Symmetry

124

(2)

Appendix 4D. Frozen and Equilibrium Sound Speeds and σ

126

(5)

Appendix 4E. Shock-Change Equations

131

(2)

Steady Detonation

133

(97)

One Reaction, σ > 0

137

(16)

Properties at Fixed Composition

137

(2)

Properties at Equilibrium Composition

139

(1)

Detonation with One Irreversible Reaction

140

(3)

Detonation with One Reversible Reaction

143

(4)

Magnitude of the Effects of Reversibility

147

(4)

A Realistic Example: Hydrogen/Oxygen

151

(2)

Two Irreversible Reactions

153

(21)

Both Reactions Exothermic

163

(5)

Second Reaction Endothermic (Eigenvalue Detonation)

168

(6)

One Irreversible Reaction with a Mole Decrement (Pathological Detonation)

174

(2)

Two Reversible Reactions

176

(14)

The λ-plane

177

(3)

D-Discussion

180

(3)

The Piston Problem

183

(6)

Examples

189

(1)

More Than Two Reactions

190

(1)

Inclusion of Transport Effects

191

(8)

Slightly Divergent Flow

199

(31)

The Steady-Flow Equations

204

(4)

Approximation for the Radial Derivative

208

(4)

A Simple Example---Irreversible Reaction in an Ideal Gas

212

(8)

Effect of Chemical Equilibrium (Reversible Reaction)

220

(4)

The General Case

224

(2)

Applications and Results

226

(4)

The Nonsteady Solution

230

(61)

Stability Theory

233

(25)

General Theory

233

(5)

The Square-Wave Detonation

238

(8)

Results

246

(6)

Shock Stability

252

(6)

Approximate Theories

258

(18)

Nonlinear Perturbation Theory

259

(8)

Geometrical Acoustics

267

(8)

One-Dimensional Oscillation in the Square-Wave Detonation

275

(1)

Finite-Difference Calculations

276

(15)

One Dimernsion

278

(10)

Two Dimensions

288

(3)

Structure of the Front

291

(73)

Overview

292

(14)

An Intuitive Picture

293

(2)

The Triple Point

295

(3)

The Simplest Regular Structure

298

(3)

Experimental Methods

301

(2)

Calculations

303

(3)

Macroscopic Properties

306

(21)

Structures

306

(6)

Spacing and Acoustic Coupling

312

(11)

The Transverse Wave

323

(3)

The Sonic Surface

326

(1)

Details of Structure

327

(15)

Marginal Detonation in a Round Tube (Single Spin)

328

(4)

Marginal Detonation in Rectangular Tubes

332

(9)

Ordinary Detonation

341

(1)

Comparison of Theory and Experiment

342

(8)

Onset of Instability

343

(1)

Fast Gallop

343

(3)

Cell Size

346

(4)

Liquids and Solids

350

(14)

Differences from Gases

351

(2)

Light Confinement

353

(3)

Heavy Confinement

356

(4)

Discussion

360

(1)

Appendix 7A. Interpretation of Smear-Camera Photographs

361

(3)

Bibliography

364

(19)

Index

383

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Detonation Theory and Experiment

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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