Diagnosis and Correction of Vocal Faults : A

CONTENTSDiagnosing Vocal Faults. A Basic Approach to Vocal Sound. Posture. Breathing and Support. Phonation. Registration. Voice Classification. Resonation. Articulation. The Speaking Voice. Coordination. Index.

Acknowledgments

3

(1)

List of Illustrations

4

(1)

Introduction

5

(6)

Chapter 1 DIAGNOSING VOCAL FAULTS

11

(9)

THE DIAGNOSTIC PROCESS

11

(1)

IDENTIFYING VOCAL PROBLEMS

12

(2)

DIAGNOSIS IN THE TEACHING STUDIO

14

(2)

THE CLASSIFICATION OF VOCAL FAULTS

16

(1)

A PLAN OF ACTION

17

(3)

THE USE OF EMPATHY

18

(2)

Chapter 2 A BASIC APPROACH TO VOCAL SOUND

20

(13)

THE NATURE OF SOUND

20

(5)

CHARACTERISTICS OF A MUSICAL TONE

21

(4)

THE NATURE OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

25

(1)

THE NATURE OF VOCAL SOUND

26

(7)

THE CLASSIFICATION OF VOCAL SOUNDS

29

(1)

SEMANTIC PROBLEMS IN DESCRIBING VOCAL SOUND

30

(3)

Chapter 3 POSTURE

33

(13)

A RATIONALE FOR GOOD POSTURE

33

(1)

ARRIVING AT GOOD POSTURE

34

(2)

A DESCRIPTION OF GOOD POSTURE

36

(4)

SEATED POSTURE

39

(1)

FAULTS RELATED TO POSTURE

40

(6)

ALIGNMENT FAULTS

40

(2)

TENSIONAL FAULTS

42

(4)

Chapter 4 BREATHING AND SUPPORT

46

(19)

THE BREATHING MECHANISM

46

(2)

BREATHING FOR SINGING

48

(5)

INHALATION

48

(2)

SUSPENSION

50

(1)

CONTROLLED EXHALATION

51

(1)

RECOVERY

52

(1)

BREATH SUPPORT

53

(2)

SUMMARY OF BREATHING CONCEPTS

55

(1)

FAULTS RELATED TO BREATHING AND SUPPORT

56

(1)

FOUR INCORRECT METHODS OF BREATHING

56

(4)

OTHER BREATHING AND SUPPORT FAULTS

60

(5)

Chapter 5 PHONATION

65

(28)

THE MECHANISM OF THE LARYNX

65

(1)

SKELETAL FRAMEWORK OF THE LARYNX

66

(1)

MUSCULATURE OF THE LARYNX

67

(9)

INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE LARYNX

70

(4)

EXTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE LARYNX

74

(2)

THE PHONATORY PROCESS

76

(1)

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD VOCAL SOUND

77

(5)

THREE PHASES OF A MUSICAL TONE

78

(4)

FAULTS RELATED TO PHONATION

82

(11)

HYPOFUNCTIONAL PHONATION

82

(1)

CORRECTIVE PROCEDURES FOR HYPOFUNCTIONAL PHONATION

82

(4)

FORCED BREATHINESS

86

(1)

CORRECTIVE PROCEDURES FOR FORCED BREATHINESS

87

(1)

HYPERFUNCTIONAL PHONATION

87

(2)

CORRECTIVE PROCEDURES FOR HYPERFUNCTIONAL PHONATION

89

(4)

Chapter 6 REGISTRATION

93

(14)

WHAT IS A REGISTER

93

(1)

HOW MANY REGISTERS ARE THERE?

93

(1)

THE VOCAL FRY REGISTER

94

(2)

THE MODAL VOICE REGISTER

96

(3)

THE FALSETTO REGISTER

99

(6)

USES OF THE FALSETTO REGISTER

101

(4)

THE WHISTLE REGISTER

105

(2)

Chapter 7 VOICE CLASSIFICATION

107

(13)

A RATIONALE FOR VOICE CLASSIFICATION

107

(3)

CRITERIA FOR ESTABLISHING VOICE CLASSIFICATION

110

(5)

RANGE

110

(1)

TESSITURA

111

(1)

TIMBRE

112

(1)

TRANSITION POINTS

113

(1)

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

114

(1)

A QUICK CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR CHORAL AUDITIONS

115

(3)

DANGERS OF MISCLASSIFICATION

118

(2)

Chapter 8 RESONATION

120

(23)

THE NATURE OF RESONATORS

120

(3)

FACTORS AFFECTING RESONATORS

121

(2)

THE VOCAL RESONATORS

123

(6)

THE CHEST

123

(1)

THE TRACHEAL TREE

123

(1)

THE LARYNX

124

(1)

THE PHARYNX

125

(1)

THE ORAL CAVITY

126

(1)

THE NASAL CAVITY

127

(1)

THE SINUSES

128

(1)

ADJUSTING THE RESONATORS

129

(5)

THE POSITION OF THE LARYNX

129

(1)

THE "OPEN" THROAT

130

(1)

THE POSITION OF THE SOFT PALATE

131

(1)

THE EXTERNAL ORIFICE

132

(1)

THE SINGER'S FORMANT

133

(1)

FAULTS RELATED TO RESONATION

134

(9)

FAULTS RELATED TO NASAL RESONANCE

134

(1)

CORRECTIVE PROCEDURES FOR POSTNASALITY

135

(2)

CORRECTIVE PROCEDURES FOR FORCED NASALITY

137

(1)

FAULTS RELATED TO TONE COLOR

138

(1)

CORRECTIVE PROCEDURES FOR SOUNDS THAT ARE TOO BRIGHT

139

(2)

CORRECTIVE PROCEDURES FOR SOUNDS THAT ARE TOO DARK

141

(2)

Chapter 9 ARTICULATION

143

(23)

THE ARTICULATORY PROCESS

143

(7)

THE NATURE OF CONSONANTS

143

(2)

THE NATURE OF VOWELS

145

(2)

THE PROBLEM OF PHONEMIC IDENTITY

147

(3)

ESTABLISHING GOOD ARTICULATORY HABITS

150

(10)

USE OF THE ARTICULATORS

151

(4)

THE ARTICULATION OF CONSONANTS

155

(2)

THE ARTICULATION OF VOWELS

157

(2)

VOWEL MODIFICATION

159

(1)

FAULTS RELATED TO ARTICULATION

160

(6)

FAULTS RELATED TO THE ARTICULATORS

161

(2)

FAULTY SPEECH SOUNDS

163

(2)

DISCONNECTED SOUNDS

165

(1)

Chapter 10 THE SPEAJUNG VOICE

166

(12)

COMPARISON OF SPEAKING AND SINGING

166

(1)

SPEECH LEVEL

167

(2)

FINDING THE HABITUAL SPEECH LEVEL

169

(1)

FINDING THE OPTIMAL PITCH LEVEL

170

(3)

COMMON SPEECH FAULTS

173

(1)

FAULTS RELATED TO PITCH

173

(2)

FAULTS RELATED TO QUANTITY

175

(1)

FAULTS RELATED TO RATE

176

(2)

Chapter 11 COORDINATION

178

(25)

INTRODUCTION

178

(1)

DEVELOPING THE VOICE

178

(1)

EXERCISING THE VOICE

179

(2)

EXTENDING THE RANGE

181

(5)

THE ENERGY FACTOR

182

(1)

THE SPACE FACTOR

183

(1)

THE DEPTH FACTOR

183

(2)

THINGS TO AVOID

185

(1)

LINING UP THE VOICE

186

(10)

LINING UP THE VOWELS

186

(3)

LINING UP THE REGISTERS

189

(4)

LINING UP THE RESONATORS

193

(3)

VIBRATO

196

(7)

FAULTS RELATED TO VIBRATO

197

(2)

CORRECTIVE PROCEDURES FOR VIBRATO FAULTS

199

(4)

Appendix 1: Audition Evaluation Checklist

203

(2)

Appendix 2: Phonetic Symbols Used in this Book

205

(1)

Bibliography

206

(2)

Index

208

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Diagnosis and Correction of Vocal Faults : A Manual for Teachers of Singing and for Choir Directors

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