Dispersion in Estuaries and Coastal Waters

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ISBN: 9780471961628 | 0471961620
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/29/1997

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Dispersion in Estuaries and Coastal Waters describes the physical processes which result in the dilution of a substance in the marine environment. The emphasis is mainly on the fundamental mechanisms of dispersion and the occurrence of these processes in estuaries and coastal waters Aspects of the present understanding of fluid dynamics in homogenous and stratified flows are discussed, with particular reference to the relevance of flow conditions to the turbulent state. The book describes how the associated dispersion processes are represented in mathematical models to quantify dilution in marine systems and the experimental techniques used to derive the mixing parameters required for the models. Concluding by discussing the application of the concepts of dispersion in well mixed, stratified and partially mixed systems, Dispersion in Estuaries and Coastal Waters acts as an excellent guide book for those needing to solve practical problems relating to marine dispersion. It also provides a useful review of dispersion as it cites key publications, both recent and long-standing, which are invaluable in interpreting and quantifying the dilution and fate of material in the marine environment.

Preface

(2)

Acknowledgements

xiii

(1)

Notation

xiv

1 Introduction

(17)

1.1 Typical dispersion situations

(1)

1.2 Analogy between molecular and turbulent diffusion

(8)

1.2.1 Turbulent diffusion

(2)

1.2.2 Eddy viscosity

(2)

1.2.3 Conditions for transition from laminar to turbulent flow

(2)

1.2.4 Effect of transition on velocity profiles

(2)

1.3 Estimating the effect of dispersion on dilution

(6)

1.4 Structure of the book

(2)

2 Fluid Dynamics - Homogeneous Flow

(41)

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Steady flow

(14)

2.2.1 Uniform flow

(2)

2.2.2 The Bernoulli equation

(3)

2.2.3 Specific energy of a flow

(1)

2.2.4 Hydraulic jumps

(3)

2.2.5 Gradually varying flow

(2)

2.2.6 Equations of gradually varying flow

(3)

2.3 Boundary layer effects

(11)

2.3.1 Nature of boundary layers

(1)

2.3.2 Dynamic pressure

(2)

2.3.3 Drag coefficients

(1)

2.3.4 Logarithmic profile of velocity

(2)

2.3.5 Adverse and favourable pressure gradients

(2)

2.3.6 Vortex trails

(2)

2.3.7 Secondary circulations

(1)

2.4 Time-varying flow

(14)

2.4.1 Tidal changes in depths and currents

(1)

2.4.2 General equations of motion

(1)

2.4.3 Progressive waves

(2)

2.4.4 Wave energy balance

(1)

2.4.5 Wave distortion

(1)

2.4.6 Residual drift

(2)

2.4.7 Bed-generated turbulent energy

(1)

2.4.8 Dissipation of tidal energy

(2)

2.4.9 Time-varying shear stress

(3)

2.5 Summary

(2)

3 Fluid Dynamics - Stratified Flow

(35)

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Causes of stability

(8)

3.2.1 Stability due to surface heating

(2)

3.2.2 Stability development in a two-layer flow

(1)

3.2.3 Stability in a continuously stratified flow

(2)

3.2.4 Formula for steady vertical circulation

(3)

3.3 Causes of instability

(8)

3.3.1 Internal waves

(3)

3.3.2 Two-layer flow

(2)

3.3.3 Internal hydraulic jump

(1)

3.3.4 Billow turbulence

(1)

3.3.5 Holmboe waves

(1)

3.4 Locally generated and dissipated turbulent energy

(4)

3.4.1 Concept of local generation and dissipation

(1)

3.4.2 Rate of turbulent energy generation

(1)

3.4.3 Change of stratification due to mixing

(1)

3.4.4 Criteria for persistence of turbulence

(2)

3.5 Limits to turbulent energy generation

(7)

3.5.1 Damping due to stratification

(2)

3.5.2 Constant shear theory

(3)

3.5.3 Variable shear theory

(2)

3.6 Remotely generated turbulent energy

(6)

3.6.1 Bulk Richardson number

(1)

3.6.2 Conditions for interfacial instability

(1)

3.6.3 Conditions for mixing in a stratified flow

(2)

3.6.4 Relative contributions of bed and interface

(2)

3.7 Summary

(1)

4 Turbulent Diffusion

(18)

4.1 The nature of turbulent motion

(1)

4.2 Averaged properties of a turbulent field

(5)

4.2.1 Separation of turbulent and mean conditions

(2)

4.2.2 Mixing length concept

(1)

4.2.3 General mass balance equation

(2)

4.3 Statistical properties of a turbulent field

(12)

4.3.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches

(1)

4.3.2 Diffusion from a continuous source

100

(3)

4.3.3 Diffusion of a discrete patch

103

(3)

4.3.4 Theory of universal equilibrium

106

(1)

4.3.5 Separation of particles in homogeneous turbulence

107

(3)

4.3.6 Energy spectra

110

(1)

4.4 Summary

111

(1)

5 Shear Dispersion

112

(25)

5.1 Basic concept

112

(4)

5.2 Steady-state dispersion

116

(10)

5.2.1 Vertical shear along the mean current

116

(7)

5.2.2 Vertical shear across the mean current

123

(2)

5.2.3 Lateral shear in the mean current

125

(1)

5.3 Unsteady shear flow

126

(4)

5.3.1 Dispersion in an oscillating flow

126

(2)

5.3.2 Slow vertical mixing

128

(1)

5.3.3 Rapid vertical mixing

129

(1)

5.3.4 Effect of changing the rapidity of mixing

129

(1)

5.4 Examples of typical velocity profiles

130

(6)

5.4.1 Application of shear dispersion theory

130

(1)

5.4.2 Application to a linear velocity profile

130

(2)

5.4.3 Power law profile

132

(1)

5.4.4 Application to profiles found in the marine environment

133

(3)

5.5 Summary

136

(1)

6 Modelling Dispersion

137

(33)

6.1 Introduction

137

(1)

6.2 Jet dilution and entrainment

137

(3)

6.3 Dispersing patches

140

(2)

6.3.1 Gaussian representation

140

(2)

6.3.2 Source of finite width

142

(1)

6.4 Dispersing plumes

142

(5)

6.4.1 Gaussian plumes

142

(2)

6.4.2 Allowance for boundary restriction

144

(2)

6.4.3 Source of finite width

146

(1)

6.5 Random walk models

147

(3)

6.6 One-dimensional estuary models

150

(14)

6.6.1 Introduction

150

(2)

6.6.2 Tidal prism models

152

(3)

6.6.3 Saline comparison models

155

(3)

6.6.4 Steady-state models

158

(4)

6.6.5 Time-varying models

162

(2)

6.7 Two-dimensional estuary models - laterally averaged

164

(3)

6.7.1 Set-up of model

164

(1)

6.7.2 Basic equations

165

(1)

6.7.3 Method of solution

165

(2)

6.8 Two-dimensional estuary models - depth averaged

167

(1)

6.9 Three-dimensional models

168

(1)

6.10 Summary

169

(1)

7 Methodology for Measurement and Observation

170

(25)

7.1 Introduction

170

(1)

7.2 Introduced tracers

171

(13)

7.2.1 Experimental techniques

171

(4)

7.2.2 Example applications

175

(9)

7.3 Natural tracers

184

(4)

7.3.1 Experimental techniques

184

(3)

7.3.2 Example application

187

(1)

7.4 Ancillary observations

188

(7)

7.4.1 Position fixing

188

(1)

7.4.2 Fixed-point observations

188

(4)

7.4.3 Lagrangian movement

192

(1)

7.4.4 Remote sensing

193

(2)

8 Studies of Well-Mixed Systems

195

(42)

8.1 Introduction

195

(1)

8.2 Estuary-classification techniques

196

(3)

8.3 Short-timescale dispersion

199

(14)

8.3.1 Conditions not controlled by shear

199

(2)

8.3.2 Effects of eddy size

201

(10)

8.3.3 Relative and absolute dispersion

211

(2)

8.4 Intermediate-timescale dispersion

213

(14)

8.4.1 Conditions controlled by intra-tidal shear

213

(2)

8.4.2 Effective diffusion coefficients

215

(6)

8.4.3 Contribution of shear to longitudinal dispersion

221

(4)

8.4.4 Contribution of shear to lateral dispersion

225

(2)

8.5 Long-timescale dispersion

227

(3)

8.5.1 Longitudinal dispersion

227

(1)

8.5.2 Lateral dispersion

228

(2)

8.6 Comparison with environmental conditions

230

(5)

8.6.1 Response to ambient conditions

230

(4)

8.6.2 Reasons for variability in K(xe), K(ye)

234

(1)

8.7 Summary

235

(2)

9 Studies of Stratified Systems

237

(42)

9.1 Introduction

237

(2)

9.2 Salt wedge estuaries and fjords

239

(14)

9.2.1 Characteristics of a salt wedge estuary

239

(1)

9.2.2 Flood tide movement in a salt wedge estuary

240

(4)

9.2.3 Ebb tide movement in a salt wedge estuary

244

(5)

9.2.4 Characteristics of fjords

249

(2)

9.2.5 Inflow and outflow from fjords

251

(1)

9.2.6 Dispersion studies in stratified estuaries and fjords

252

(1)

9.3 Estuary outflows

253

(16)

9.3.1 Characteristics of outflows

253

(3)

9.3.2 Outflow plume mixing

256

(4)

9.3.3 Longer-term dispersion in coastal waters

260

(9)

9.4 Fronts

269

(9)

9.4.1 Introduction

269

(1)

9.4.2 Tidal mixing fronts

270

(3)

9.4.3 Plume fronts

273

(1)

9.4.4 Shear fronts

274

(4)

9.5 Summary

278

(1)

10 Studies of Partially Stratified Systems

279

(21)

10.1 Introduction

279

(1)

10.2 Transition

280

(6)

10.2.1 Response of dispersion to different levels of turbulence

280

(3)

10.2.2 Transitional phenomena and the development of turbulence

283

(2)

10.2.3 Tracers as a means of averaging

285

(1)

10.3 Salt budget experiments

286

(9)

10.3.1 Salt budget

286

(7)

10.3.2 Dispersion coefficients

293

(2)

10.4 Minimum values for lateral dispersion

295

(3)

10.5 Future research into dispersion in the marine environment

298

(1)

10.6 Overall summary

299

(1)

References

300

(8)

Index

308

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Dispersion in Estuaries and Coastal Waters

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Dispersion in Estuaries and Coastal Waters

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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