Distributed Power Generation: Planning and Evaluation

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ISBN: 9780824703363 | 0824703367
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/11/2000

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Explains distributed power generation systems for residential, commercial, industrial, and electric utility applications, objectively evaluating capabilities and limitations, describing where and when they should be used, and assessing layout and design possibilities. Background discussions place distributed generators (DGS) in context, and later chapters examine major types of distributed generators, overview generation systems, and explore alternate power, energy storage systems, business factors, and planning and evaluation. Detailed case studies worked out in basic sensitivity or alternate scenario variations focus on the selection of DGs and DG performance.

Series Introduction

iii

Preface

Distributed Generation versus Traditional Power Systems

(34)

Introduction

(1)

Distributed versus Central Station Generation

(10)

Traditional Power Systems

(11)

T&D System Costs

(8)

Power from the Grid as a Target for DG

(3)

Summary

(1)

Demand for Electric Power

(30)

Introduction

(1)

Electric Power Is Bought for End Uses

(4)

Load Curves and Load Curve Analysis

(6)

Coincidence Behavior and Load Curves

(13)

Measuring Load Curve Data Accurately

(5)

Summary

(1)

For Further Reading

(1)

Reliability and Reliability Evaluation

(32)

Introduction

(2)

Outages Cause Interruptions

(5)

Reliability Indices

(5)

Reliability and Contingency Criteria for Planning

(5)

Cost Is King

(12)

Conclusion and Summary

(3)

For Further Reading

(3)

Planning and the Planning Process

(26)

Introduction

(1)

Planning: Finding the Best Alternative

(5)

Short- and Long-Range Planning

103

(5)

Different Decision-Making Philosophies

108

(12)

Conclusion

120

(3)

For Further Reading

121

(2)

Cost and Economic Evaluation

123

(28)

Introduction

123

(1)

Costs

124

(3)

Time Value of Money

127

(17)

Decision Bases and Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation

144

(5)

Conclusion

149

(2)

References and Further Reading

149

(2)

Reciprocating Piston Engine Distributed Generators

151

(24)

Introduction

151

(4)

Basics of Reciprocating Piston Engines

155

(4)

Important Design Characteristics

159

(7)

Conversion to Electric Power

166

(3)

Salient Aspects of Piston-DG Systems

169

(5)

Summary

174

(1)

Gas Turbine Powered Distributed Generators

175

(28)

Introduction

175

(1)

Three Types of Turbine DG: Utility, Mini-and Micro-Turbine

176

(5)

Basic Turbine Generator Concepts

181

(12)

Utility System Turbine Generators

193

(2)

Mini Gas Turbine Generators

195

(1)

Micro Gas Turbine Generators

195

(6)

Conclusion

201

(2)

Fuel Cell Powered Distributed Generators

203

(18)

Introduction

203

(1)

Fuel Cells: Using Fossil Fuel Another Way

204

(10)

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

214

(1)

Phosporic Acid Fuel Cells

215

(2)

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells

217

(1)

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

218

(2)

Conclusion and Summary

220

(1)

Renewable Resource Distributed Generators

221

(54)

Introduction

221

(1)

Solar Thermal Power Generation

222

(23)

Photovoltaic (PV) Generation

245

(12)

Wind-Powered Generation

257

(14)

Other Renewable Generation Resources

271

(3)

Summary

274

(1)

References

274

(1)

Energy Storage for Use with Distributed Generation

275

(28)

Introduction

275

(5)

Energy Storage Systems

280

(5)

Battery Storage

285

(7)

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)

292

(3)

Capacitor Storage

295

(3)

Mechanical Storage: Flywheels, Pumped and Compressed Fluids

298

(3)

Summary and Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies

301

(2)

For Further Reading

302

(1)

Distributed Generation Systems: Planning and Comparison

303

(12)

Introduction

303

(3)

Types of DG Planning Methods

306

(5)

Overview Comparison of Various Types of DG Systems

311

(3)

Projections of Future Fossil Fuel Costs

314

(1)

Basic DG Case Examples: What to Include and How

315

(30)

Introduction

315

(1)

DG Evaluation: Costs from Past, Present, and Future

316

(3)

Basic DG Cost Analysis

319

(3)

Cost Evaluation and Schedule of Demand

322

(5)

Modeling Uncertain Costs

327

(4)

Evaluating DG Against What?

331

(2)

Size Matters

333

(4)

Sensitivity Studies on Key Factors

337

(3)

Value-of Attribute Studies

340

(3)

Summary and Key Points

343

(2)

Basic DG Cases: Modularity and Reliability and Cost

345

(16)

Introduction

345

(2)

Modularity and Capacity Availability

347

(5)

Capacity Availability vs. Cost

352

(3)

Using Modularity to Handle Long-Term Load Growth

355

(4)

Summary and Key Points

359

(2)

References

359

(2)

Basic DG Cases: Grid Interconnection Options

361

(24)

Introduction

361

(2)

The Power Grid

363

(6)

Pros and Cons of DG-Grid Interconnection

369

(5)

Example Case Study

374

(6)

What Type of DG-Grid Interconnection

380

(4)

Summary and Guidelines

384

(1)

Basis DG Cases: Schedule and Operating Characteristics

385

(24)

Introduction

385

(1)

Operating Schedule Impacts Fuel Efficiency

386

(7)

Schedule Dynamics and Fuel Efficiency

393

(4)

Non-Coincidence Load Behavior and Small DG Units

397

(9)

Summary and Guidelines

406

(3)

Basis DG Cases: Reliability, Maintenance, and Availability

409

(40)

Introduction

409

(1)

Simple Probability-of-Outage Reliability Analysis

410

(12)

Using Simulation to Provide More Detail

422

(13)

Data on Service Reliability

435

(2)

Reliability of Combined DG and T&D Systems

437

(8)

Summary and Guidelines

445

(4)

For Further Reading

447

(2)

Basis DG Cases: Renewable Resource Generation

449

(32)

Introduction

449

(2)

Screening, Statistical, or Simulation Studies

451

(8)

Example: Temporal ``Simulation'' of a Renewable Resource

459

(6)

Study of DG Unit and Storage Sizes

465

(8)

Example: Monte Carlo Analysis of Generation

473

(6)

Summary and Key Points

479

(2)

Detailed DG Case and Sensitivity Study

481

(40)

Comparing Different Types of DG Options

480

(1)

The Goal: Service to a Remote Mountain Community

481

(3)

Electric Service Alternative I: Service from the Utility Grid

484

(2)

Alternative 2: DG Using Natural Gas Delivered by Pipeline

486

(1)

Alternative 3: DG Using Diesel Delivered by Truck

487

(2)

Alternative 4: Small Dispersed Generation Using Natural Gas

489

(2)

Alternative 5: Renewable Energy-Solar Thermal Power

491

(9)

Alternative 6: Renewable Energy-Dispersed Photovoltaic

500

(2)

Cost and Reliability Comparison of Alternatives

502

(2)

Sensitivity Studies of ``What Wins Under What Conditions''

504

(14)

Summary and Key Points

518

(3)

Business Factors and Their Influence on DC Value

521

(18)

Introduction

521

(1)

The Standard Engineering Economics Evaluation

522

(6)

Business and Financing Factors

528

(8)

Summary and Final Comments

536

(3)

Objectivity and Bias in DG Planning and Evaluation

539

(36)

Introduction

539

(2)

Sources of Bias

541

(4)

Three Roles Used to Bias Planning Studies in an Unseen Manner

545

(2)

Four Areas Where Bias Is Often Introduced Into a Study

547

(10)

Creating a Bias in Favor of Just One Alternative

557

(14)

Bias Applied to Distort Absolute Claims

571

(1)

Concluding Remarks

572

(3)

References

574

(1)

Recommendations and Guidelines for DG Planners

575

(14)

Introduction

575

(1)

When and Where Does DG Have an Advantage?

575

(5)

Twelve Recommendations for Effective DG Evaluation

580

(9)

Summary

589

(1)

Index

589

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