Diversity and Community in the Academy

In the wake of court rulings that have forced university administrators to reevaluate affirmative action policies, this balanced, thoughtful book examines three typical defenses of those policies: that affirmative action compensates for past discrimination; that it provides role models and ensures diversity; and that it corrects for systemic bias against women and racial minorities.

Acknowledgments

xiii

Introduction

1

(4)

Chapter 1: Historical Introduction

5

(42)

I. From Civil Rights to Affirmative Action: 1964-1972 Background

7

(13)

Laying the Foundation for Affirmative Action

Underlying Causes of the Trend Toward Proportional Representation

Adding Women: Linking Race and Sex

II. The Entrenchment of Bureaucracies: 1973-1980

20

(6)

Background

The Regulatory Agencies and the Universities

Affirmative Action and the Courts: Bakke and Weber

III. The Reagan-Bush Years: 1980-1992

26

(6)

Economic Context

Changes in Political Culture: The PC Wars

The Courts

The Changing Demographics of the Academy

IV. Where We Are Now

32

(6)

Economic Context

Cultural Conflict

The Crisis in Education

Affirmative Action and the Crisis in Education

V. Conclusion

38

Chapter 2: Compensatory Arguments

47

(32)

I. The Argument

48

(1)

II. Evaluation

49

(16)

III. Application to Other Groups

65

(5)

Native Americans

Hispanics and Asians

Women

IV. Conclusion

70

(2)

V. Transition: A Cross-Temporal Argument

72

(7)

Chapter 3: Forward-Looking Arguments

79

(44)

I. Goods Internal to the University

80

(30)

Role Models

Mentors

Diversity

Internal Arguments: Summary

II. External Goods

110

(6)

Beyond Fantasy Politics

The Influence of Universities

The Redistributive Argument

Possible Bad Effects of Discontinuing Affirmative Action

III. Conclusion

116

Chapter 4: Corrective Arguments

123

(30)

I. The Postmodernist Argument

124

(4)

II. Bias Embedded Within the Traditional Disciplines

128

(7)

Establishing the Existence of Bias

Failure of the Androcentric Bias Argument to Justify Affirmative Action

The Grain of Truth

III. Argument Based on Underrepresentation

135

(4)

IV. Identifying Bias in Recent Appointment Patterns

139

(8)

V. Conclusion

147

(6)

Chapter 5: Conclusion

153

(26)

I. Remedies

154

(4)

II. Getting Around the Impasse

158

(14)

The Politics of Displacement

Defects in the Prevailing Social Paradigm

The Shape of the New Paradigm

III. The Role of the University

172

(3)

Developing a New Social Paradigm

The Advancement of Knowledge

Handing On Our Cultural Tradition

Imparting Basic Skills

Teaching the Art of Rational Dialogue

Tutoring

IV. The Problem Redefined

175

(4)

Supplementary Essays

179

(52)

Affirmative Action in Faculty Appointments: A Guide for the Perplexed

181

(24)

George Rutherglen

Are Quotas Sometimes Justified?

205

(6)

James Rachels

"Minority Student"

211

(20)

Richard Rodriguez

Index

231

(10)

About the Author and Contributors

241

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Diversity and Community in the Academy Affirmative Action in Faculty Appointments

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials