Diversity and Entrepreneurship Analyzing

Diversity and Entrepreneurship provides a comparative analysis of women entrepreneurs across racial lines (white versus minorities). The characteristics of the business owners, the characteristics of the businesses, and the network structures of the business owners are analyzed to determine what factors lead to economic success for the two groups of women entrepreneurs.

Andrea E. Smith-Hunter is an assistant professor at Siena College in Loudonville, New York.

List of Illustrations

ix

Preface

xi

Acknowledgements

xiii

Women as Employees and Entrepreneurs

1

(10)

Introduction

1

(1)

The Changing Face of Entrepreneurship

2

(1)

The Current State of Female Employment

3

(1)

Female Entrepreneurship

4

(1)

Minority Entrepreneurship

5

(1)

Observations and Important Issues

5

(3)

Current Study

8

(1)

Organization of Chapters

8

(3)

Research Field of Women Entrepreneurship

11

(30)

Introduction

11

(1)

The Multi-Dimensional Small Business Owner

12

(4)

Research on Small Business Owners

16

(3)

Research on Women Business Owners

19

(9)

Research on Minority Business Owners

28

(6)

Personal Services Industry

34

(2)

Economic Success of Businesses

36

(2)

Limitations of Current Study

38

(3)

Theories and Conceptual Foundations

41

(20)

Introduction

41

(1)

Niches

42

(2)

Protected Market Hypothesis

44

(1)

Disadvantage Theory

45

(3)

Cultural Theory

48

(1)

Other Perspectives and Hypotheses

49

(7)

Conclusion

56

(5)

Research Design and Methods

61

(8)

Introduction

61

(1)

Sample

61

(2)

Procedures

63

(1)

Measures

63

(4)

Interviews

67

(1)

Data Analysis

67

(2)

Results of Analyses: Economic Success Factors

69

(30)

Introduction

69

(2)

Niches

71

(1)

Protected Market Hypothesis

72

(2)

Disadvantage Theory

74

(2)

Cultural Theory

76

(3)

Descriptive Statistics and Other Perspectives

79

(10)

Other

89

(1)

Hypotheses Summary

90

(1)

Additional Results

90

(5)

Factors leading to Economic Success

95

(4)

Conclusions: Critical Issues and New Perspectives

99

(24)

Introduction

99

(1)

Niches

100

(1)

Protected Market Hypothesis

100

(1)

Disadvantage Theory

101

(1)

Cultural Theory

102

(1)

Individual Characteristics

103

(1)

Business Characteristics

104

(1)

Network Structure

105

(1)

Incubators

105

(1)

Economic Success of Women Business Owners

106

(1)

Critical Issues for Women Business Owners

106

(2)

Contribution to Literature

108

(3)

The State of Women Entrepreneurs in the United States

111

(1)

The State of Women Entrepreneurs in the Global Marketplace

112

(1)

Limitations of Study

113

(1)

Future Perspectives and Research

114

(4)

Oligopolistic Discrimination: A New Theory on Women and Minority Business Ownership

118

(2)

Conclusion

120

(3)

Appendixes

123

(12)

Appendix A: Initial Letter to Potential Participants

123

(1)

Appendix B: Cover Letter to Participants/Consent Form

124

(1)

Appendix C: Questionnaire

125

(9)

Appendix D: Interview Questions

134

(1)

Selected Bibliography

135

(16)

Subject Index

151

(8)

About The Author

159

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Diversity and Entrepreneurship Analyzing Successful Women Entrepreneurs

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials