Diversity in Organizations

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ISBN: 9780324302578 | 0324302576
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 2/16/2006

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DIVERSITY IN ORGANIZATIONS is the first comprehensive, research-based text designed to meet the needs of the diversity course. Itprovides a solid perspective on the various aspects of organizational diversity, including why diversity is important for organizations,recruiting, retaining, and effectively and fairly utilizing a diverse workforce, and legislation related to diversity. The book conductsin-depth explorations of key racial/ethnic groups, sex and gender, religion, work and family, weight and appearance, physical and mentalability, and sexual orientation. It includes prescriptions on how to become a diversity-friendly employer, include workers oftendevalued, and how both dominant and non-dominant group members can work to effect change.

Preface

xiii

Section I Introduction, Legislation, and Theories

(86)

Introduction

(26)

Multiple Group Memberships and Permeability of Boundaries

(2)

Terminology

(1)

The Stimulus: Workforce 2000

(2)

Diversity and Organizational Competitiveness

(9)

Cost

(2)

Resource Acquisition

(2)

Marketing

(1)

Creativity and Problem Solving

(1)

System Flexibility

(1)

Other Areas Where Diversity Is Advantageous

(1)

Difficulties Resulting from Increased Diversity and Organizational Responses

(1)

Individual Benefits of Diversity

(1)

Organization of the Book

(7)

Introduction and Overview of Chapters

(1)

Population

(1)

Education

(1)

Employment, Unemployment, and Participation Rates

(2)

Employment Types and Income Levels

(1)

Focal Issues

(1)

Individual and Organizational Recommendations

(1)

International Feature

(1)

Other Items in Each Chapter

(1)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Questions to Consider

(1)

Actions and Exercises

(3)

Legislation

(36)

Historical Background

(1)

Major Federal Acts Related to Diversity in Organizations

(27)

The Equal Pay Act of 1963

(3)

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

(7)

Executive Orders for Affirmative Action in Employment

(6)

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967

(1)

The Rehabilitation Act of 1973

(1)

Vietnam Era Veterans Readjustment Assistance Act of 1974

(1)

The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978

(2)

EEOC Guidelines on Sexual Harassment (1980)

(3)

Older Workers Benefit Protection Act of 1990

(1)

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

(1)

The Civil Rights Act of 1991

(1)

The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993

(1)

Other Relevant State, Local, and City Ordinances

(1)

Future Federal Acts: What's Ahead?

(1)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Questions to Consider

(1)

Actions and Exercises

(1)

Theories and Thinking about Diversity

(22)

What Is a Minority?

(5)

Identifiability

(1)

Differential Power

(1)

Discrimination

(1)

Group Awareness

(1)

Analysis of the Characteristics

(2)

Categorization and Identity

(8)

Social Categorization and Stereotyping

(1)

Consequences of Social Categorization and Social Identity

(6)

Aversive Racism and Other Contradictions

(2)

Individual and Organizational Recommendations

(3)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Questions to Consider

(1)

Actions and Exercises

(1)

Section II Examining Specific Groups and Categories

(362)

Blacks/African Americans

(38)

History of Blacks in the United States

(5)

Blacks in the Military

(2)

The Civil Rights Movement

(2)

Relevant Legislation

(3)

Selected EEOC Cases Involving Race Discrimination

(2)

Population

(1)

Education, Employment, and Earnings

100

(3)

Education

100

(1)

Participation Rates

101

(2)

Research on the Employment Experiences of African Americans

103

(13)

Access Discrimination

107

(2)

Treatment Discrimination

109

(5)

African American Women at Work: Negative Perceptions and Erroneous Stereotypes

114

(2)

Discrimination against Customers

116

(2)

Individual and Organizational Recommendations

118

(4)

Employer/Employee Perspectives

118

(4)

Consumer/Customer Service Perspectives

122

(1)

Summary

122

(1)

Key Terms

122

(1)

Questions to Consider

123

(1)

Actions and Exercises

124

(3)

Latinos/Hispanics

127

(30)

History of Hispanics in the United States

128

(4)

Mexicans

128

(3)

Puerto Ricans

131

(1)

Cubans

132

(1)

Relevant Legislation

132

(3)

Selected EEOC Settlements

133

(2)

Population

135

(2)

Population Growth Rates by Race

136

(1)

Education, Employment, and Earnings

137

(3)

Education

137

(1)

Employment

138

(2)

Earnings

140

(1)

Organizational Experiences of Hispanics

140

(9)

Race, Hispanic Ethnicity, and Employment Outcomes

140

(1)

Hispanic Immigrants at Work

141

(3)

Latinas at Work

144

(2)

Bilingualism: An Uncompensated Skill

146

(2)

Racial Profiling and Police Misconduct against Hispanics

148

(1)

Latinos as Customers

149

(3)

The Marketing Advantage

149

(2)

Discrimination against Hispanic Customers

151

(1)

Individual Recommendations

152

(1)

Organizational Recommendations

153

(2)

Summary

155

(1)

Key Term

155

(1)

Questions to Consider

155

(1)

Actions and Exercises

155

(2)

Asians and Asian Americans

157

(34)

History of Asians in the United States

159

(2)

Relevant Legislation

161

(4)

Asians and the Civil Rights Movement

162

(1)

Selected EEOC Cases

162

(3)

Population

165

(1)

Education, Employment, and Earnings

166

(5)

Participation and Occupations

168

(2)

Earnings

170

(1)

Asians as the Model Minority

171

(3)

Asian American Entrepreneurs

174

(2)

Research on Experiences of Asian Americans at Work

176

(6)

Asian American Women at Work

180

(2)

Focus on Selected Asian Americans: Chinese, Indians, and Southeast Asians

182

(4)

Chinese

182

(2)

Asian Indians

184

(2)

Southeast Asians

186

(1)

Individual and Organizational Recommendations

186

(1)

Summary

187

(1)

Key Term

188

(1)

Questions to Consider

188

(1)

Actions and Exercises

188

(3)

Whites/European Americans

191

(30)

History of Whites in the United States

192

(8)

The Past Transience and Current Meaning of ``Race'' for Whites

193

(4)

History of Whites as Diversity Allies

197

(3)

Relevant Legislation

200

(5)

Population

205

(1)

Education, Earnings, and Employment

206

(2)

Research on Whites and Diversity

208

(7)

Similarities and Differences in the Experiences of White Women and Men

209

(1)

The Meaning of Ethnicity for Whites

210

(1)

Perceptions of ``Quotas'' and ``Reverse Discrimination''

211

(4)

Effects of Increasing Diversity on Dominant Group Members

215

(1)

Individual Recommendations

215

(2)

Organizational Recommendations

217

(1)

Summary

218

(1)

Key Terms

218

(1)

Questions to Consider

218

(2)

Actions and Exercises

220

(1)

American Indians, Alaska Natives, and Multiracial Group Members

221

(28)

History of American Indians in North America

223

(3)

Population

226

(4)

Education, Employment, and Earnings

230

(3)

Relevant Legislation

233

(1)

Research on American Indians at Work

234

(1)

American Indian and Alaska Native Women

235

(2)

Multiracial Group Members

237

(1)

Introduction and History

237

(4)

Racial Determination and the ``One-Drop'' Rule

238

(3)

Population

241

(1)

Relevant Legislation

242

(1)

Amerasians

242

(1)

Individual and Organizational Recommendations

243

(2)

American Indians and Alaska Natives

243

(1)

Multiracial Group Members

244

(1)

Summary

245

(1)

Key Terms

245

(1)

Questions to Consider

246

(1)

Actions and Exercises

246

(3)

Sex and Gender

249

(38)

Relevant Legislation

251

(1)

Population

252

(1)

Education

253

(1)

Employment Levels, Types, and Income

254

(6)

Participation Rates

254

(4)

Sex Segregation

258

(2)

Income

260

(1)

Gender Role Socialization

260

(4)

Sex Discrimination

264

(4)

Sexual Harassment

268

(4)

Sexual Harassment of Men

270

(2)

The Glass Ceiling and Other Boundaries

272

(4)

Sex, Race, and Ethnicity

276

(3)

White Women and Women of Color

276

(2)

White Men and Men of Color

278

(1)

Unique Gender Issues

279

(3)

Gender and Poverty

279

(1)

Negotiating Pay

279

(3)

Individual and Organizational Recommendations

282

(3)

Curbing Sexual Harassment

283

(1)

Breaking the Glass Ceiling

284

(1)

Summary

285

(1)

Key Terms

285

(1)

Questions to Consider

285

(1)

Actions and Exercises

286

(1)

Religion

287

(24)

History of Religious Diversity in the United States

288

(1)

Population and Variations among Beliefs

289

(1)

Race, Ethnicity, and Religion

289

(3)

Legislation

292

(5)

EEOC Guidelines on Religious Exercise and Religious Expression in the Federal Workplace

293

(1)

Charges and Selected Cases under Title VII

293

(4)

Arab Americans and Muslims in the United States

297

(1)

Racial Profiling against Arabs (or People Who Look as Though They Might Be Arab)

297

(1)

Work-Related Requirements of Selected Religious Groups

298

(3)

Women's Roles in Organized Religion

301

(2)

Religion and Sexual Orientation Diversity at Work

303

(5)

Religion and Sexual Orientation Conflicts: Two Cases with Different Outcomes

305

(1)

Resolving Conflicts

306

(2)

Individual Recommendations

308

(1)

Organizational Recommendations

308

(1)

Summary

309

(1)

Key Terms

309

(1)

Questions to Consider

309

(1)

Actions and Exercises

310

(1)

Age

311

(28)

Historical Background

313

(1)

Relevant Legislation for Older Workers

314

(4)

Selected EEOC Cases Involving Older Age Discrimination Claims

315

(3)

Legal Protections for Younger Workers

318

(2)

Population, Participation Rates, and Employment

320

(1)

Bridge Employment and Layoffs

321

(1)

Education

322

(1)

Research on Employment Experiences of Older Workers

322

(8)

Age, Accidents, and Injuries at Work

325

(1)

Training and Development

325

(1)

Older Women at Work

326

(4)

Research on Employment Experiences of Younger Workers

330

(3)

Sexual Harassment of Teen Workers and the EEOC's Youth @Work Initiative

331

(2)

Long-Term Consequences of Harassment of Young Workers

333

(1)

Individual Recommendations

333

(2)

Organizational Recommendations

335

(1)

Summary

336

(1)

Key Terms

336

(1)

Questions to Consider

337

(1)

Actions and Exercises

337

(2)

Physical and Mental Ability

339

(28)

History

341

(1)

Relevant Legislation

341

(9)

Selected cases

346

(4)

Population

350

(2)

Education and Employment

352

(2)

Employment Experiences of People with Disabilities

354

(3)

Intellectual Disabilities

354

(3)

The Glass Ceiling, Walls, and Secondary Job Markets for People with Disabilities

357

(1)

Perceptions of Performance Inadequacies

357

(1)

DuPont and Employment of People with Disabilities

358

(1)

Individual Recommendations

359

(1)

Organizational Recommendations

360

(4)

Changing Negative Attitudes at Work

360

(1)

Human Resources Needs

360

(4)

Accommodations

364

(1)

Summary

364

(1)

Key Terms

364

(1)

Questions to Consider

365

(1)

Actions and Exercises

365

(2)

Work and Family

367

(32)

History of Work and Family

369

(1)

Relevant Legislation

370

(4)

Equal Pay Act and Title VII

370

(2)

Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978

372

(2)

The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993

374

(1)

Population, Participation, and Education

374

(4)

Earnings

378

(2)

Part-Time Work and Earnings

379

(1)

Flexible Schedules

380

(2)

Unpaid and Paid Leaves

382

(2)

Career Outcomes for Employees Who Take Leaves of Absence

384

(1)

The Second Shift

384

(2)

Same-Sex Couples in Family Relationships

386

(1)

Men, Work, and Family

386

(4)

Men's Earnings and Spousal Employment

387

(3)

Broader than the Family: Society, Organizations, and Family Issues

390

(1)

Elder Care

391

(1)

Parenting Again: Grandparents Caring for Grandchildren

392

(1)

Recommendations for Individuals

393

(1)

Recommendations for Organizations

394

(1)

Summary

395

(1)

Key Terms

396

(1)

Questions to Consider

396

(1)

Actions and Exercises

397

(2)

Weight and Appearance

399

(28)

Population

403

(2)

Education, Employment Levels, Types, and Income

405

(4)

Effects of Attractiveness of Appearance on Employment and Income

407

(2)

Legislation Relevant to Weight and Appearance

409

(4)

The ADA and Weight

410

(1)

State and Local Statutes Prohibiting Weight and Appearance Discrimination

410

(2)

Should Size Discrimination Be Prohibited by Federal Law?

412

(1)

Effects of Weight on Health and on Costs to Employers

413

(2)

Is It the Fat, the Health, or the Stigma of Overweight?

415

(2)

Appearance: Cases and Legislation

417

(3)

Individual and Organizational Recommendations

420

(4)

Considerations for Employers: Weight

420

(2)

Considerations for Employees: Weight

422

(1)

Individual and Organizational Recommendations to Minimize Appearance Discrimination

423

(1)

Summary

424

(1)

Key Term

424

(1)

Questions to Consider

424

(1)

Actions and Exercises

425

(2)

Sexual Orientation

427

(22)

History of Gay Rights in the United States

429

(1)

Population

430

(1)

Education and Income Levels

430

(2)

Legislation

432

(2)

Partner Benefits

434

(2)

HIV/AIDS at Work: Unnecessary and Unfounded Fears

436

(3)

Gays in the Military: Don't Ask, Don't Tell, Don't Pursue, Don't Harass

439

(1)

Determinants of Attitudes toward Gays and Lesbians

440

(2)

Out at Work?

442

(2)

Individual Recommendations

444

(1)

Organizational Recommendations

444

(2)

Summary

446

(1)

Key Terms

446

(1)

Questions to Consider

447

(1)

Actions and Exercises

447

(2)

Section III Global Vision

449

(34)

International Diversity and Facing the Future

451

(32)

Discrimination and Differential Treatment as Worldwide Phenomena

455

(2)

Sex and Gender: The Status of Women around the World

457

(2)

Population and Participation Rates

457

(1)

Sexual Harassment, Segregation, Discrimination, and Other Inequities

458

(1)

Wage Inequity and the Glass Ceiling

459

(1)

People with Disabilities

459

(2)

Population and Participation

460

(1)

Legislation

460

(1)

Sexual Orientation

461

(1)

Legislation Prohibiting Sexual Orientation Discrimination

461

(1)

Poverty

461

(3)

Facing the Future: The Broad Reach of Diversity in Organizations

464

(1)

Recommendations for Change at a Societal Level

465

(1)

Recommendations for Change at an Organizational Level

466

(2)

Diversity Training and Diversity Education

468

(9)

Management Commitment to Diversity in Organizations

469

(1)

Changes in Human Resource Practices

470

(4)

Other Employment Considerations

474

(1)

Diversity for Service Providers

474

(3)

The Role of the Media

477

(1)

Recommendations for Change at an Individual Level

477

(1)

Capitalizing on the Strength of Diversity in the United States

478

(3)

Summary

481

(1)

Key Terms

482

(1)

Questions to Consider

482

(1)

Actions and Exercises

482

(1)

Index

483

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Diversity in Organizations

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials