Doing Health Anthropology

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ISBN: 9780826115577 | 0826115578
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/1/2006

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Univ. of California, San Francisco. Offers a view of basic ideas, attitudes, and skills that are needed to do anthropological research on community health. Topics include advantages of anthropology for the health sciences, positivism, the naturalistic theory of knowledge, designing a research project, and more. For students and practitioners.

Acknowledgments	p. xiii
Preface	p. xv
Why Anthropology?	p. 1
Guide to This Chapter	p. 3
What is Cultural Anthropology? The Concept of Culture	p. 3
How Do Cultural Anthropologists Collect Data?	p. 6
How Do Cultural Anthropologists Analyze Data?	p. 7
The Advantages of Anthropology for the Health Sciences	p. 8
The Mighty Disease Model	p. 9
The Social Perspective on Health	p. 10
Why Isn't the Social Perspective More Widely Used?	p. 11
The Advantages of the Social Perspective	p. 13
Summary	p. 19
Positivism: The Laboratory Theory of Knowledge	p. 21
Guide to This Chapter	p. 23
The Meanings of Knowledge	p. 23
Positivism: The Laboratory Science Theory of Knowledge	p. 25
Validity	p. 26
Elegance and Parsimony	p. 26
The Limits of Positivism	p. 29
Summary	p. 32
The Naturalistic Theory of Knowledge: Anthropology	p. 33
Guide to This Chapter	p. 35
Naturalistic Theory	p. 35
The Idea of Usefulness	p. 36
The Naturalistic Search for Knowledge	p. 37
Intuition, or Using What We Already Know	p. 37
How Science Is Different from Everyday Problem Solving: The Issue of Persuasion	p. 39
The Process of Naturalistic Research	p. 39
Advantages of Naturalistic Knowledge	p. 40
The Issue of Meaning	p. 41
The Issue of Pattern Coherence	p. 43
The Disadvantages of Naturalistic Theory	p. 45
Verification	p. 45
Objectivity	p. 46
The Naturalistic Response	p. 47
Time	p. 48
Generalizability	p. 49
What About Theory?	p. 50
Summary	p. 51
The Study of Real People in Natural Situations	p. 53
Guide to This Chapter	p. 55
Ethnography and the Anthropological Attitude	p. 55
The Moral Relationship of Researcher and Community	p. 56
Survey Research and the Positivist Attitude	p. 60
The Importance of Contexts in Social Research	p. 62
Summary	p. 67
Designing a Research Project	p. 69
Guide to This Chapter	p. 71
The Process of Detailed Understanding	p. 72
Identifying a Research Problem	p. 75
Why Have We Chosen This Problem?	p. 76
How Will We Recognize the Answer?	p. 77
The Problem Statement	p. 78
The Intuition Statement	p. 80
Formulating Specific Research Questions	p. 82
Characteristics of Good Questions	p. 85
Research Design As a Continuous Process	p. 86
Summary	p. 86
The Researcher in and Beyond the Community	p. 89
Guide to This Chapter	p. 91
Participant Observation	p. 91
Ethics and Values	p. 93
Ethics for Other Styles of Research	p. 94
Observing Unacceptable Behavior	p. 95
Taking Roles, Fitting in	p. 96
Clothing, Speech, Manners	p. 97
Examples of Roles	p. 98
The Role of Student or Scholar	p. 98
The Role of Friend	p. 100
The Roles of Leader, Teacher, and Expert	p. 101
Culture Shock: Unavoidable, Highly Valuable	p. 103
If Your Time in the Community is Limited	p. 104
The Researcher Beyond the Community	p. 106
Summary	p. 108
Collecting Data	p. 109
Guide to This Chapter	p. 111
Planning for Research	p. 112
The Research Problem	p. 112
Background Research	p. 113
Observing and Taking Notes	p. 115
General Principles of Observation	p. 116
What Situations and Behaviors to Observe	p. 117
Minimizing Distortion	p. 119
Rapport Building	p. 120
Keeping Records	p. 120
Audio and Video Recordings	p. 120
Taking Notes	p. 120
Adding Analytic Details	p. 121
Interviewing	p. 122
Minimizing Distortion	p. 122
Closed-Ended Versus Open-Ended Interviews	p. 123
Getting Truth Through Interviews	p. 125
Maintaining Rapport	p. 127
Keeping Interview Records 1	p. 128
Unobtrusive Measures	p. 130
Indirect Indicators	p. 131
Summary	p. 132
Analyzing Data	p. 133
Guide to This Chapter	p. 135
Data Analysis Uses Natural Human Skills	p. 136
Analysis: Making Our Implicit Understandings Explicit	p. 137
Data Management	p. 138
Kinship Diagrams, or Genograms	p. 139
Classification Trees, Organization Charts	p. 140
Networks and Flow Charts	p. 141
Face Sheets	p. 142
How to Treat Data Management Tools	p. 145
Analyzing Raw Data: Content Coding	p. 146
Using Statistics	p. 148
How to Read and Listen to Anthropology	p. 149
Reading for Context	p. 149
Reading and Listening for Technique	p. 150
Writing the Results	p. 151
Persuasion	p. 151
Transparency	p. 152
Language	p. 152
Usefulness	p. 152
Summary	p. 153
The Theory of Needs	p. 155
Guide to This Chapter	p. 157
Existing Model of Community Health Practice (CHP)	p. 158
The Concept of Health	p. 158
The Concept of Community	p. 159
The Goals and Limitations of the CHP Model	p. 159
A More Effective Model: People Meeting Needs in Patterned Context	p. 161
Meeting Needs	p. 161
Patterned Context	p. 162
Context, Meaning, and Change	p. 163
The Basic Human Needs	p. 167
Needs and Health	p. 169
Synergy, Conflict, and Substitution Among Needs	p. 170
Synergy	p. 171
Conflict	p. 171
Substitution	p. 172
Needs and Community Health Research	p. 173
Assessing Health in the Context of Needs	p. 173
The Role of Social Change in Health	p. 174
The Impact of Planned Changes on Health	p. 174
A Method for Assessing Need Satisfaction Strategies	p. 175
Summary	p. 176
Community Change: The Theory of Hope	p. 177
Guide to This Chapter	p. 179
Anomie and Hopelessness	p. 180
The Substitution of Satisfactions	p. 182
Loss of Meaning	p. 133
Self-Wounding Communities	p. 135
Self-Healing Communities	p. 187
The Process of Community Empowerment	p. 188
Helping People Understand Themselves	p. 189
An Alternative Theory of Community Change: Street Marxism	p. 190
Using Theory to Help People Change	p. 191
The Theory of Hope	p. 191
The Theory of Street Marxism	p. 192
Summary	p. 194
Action Anthropology	p. 195
Guide to This Chapter	p. 197
Research as Community Practice	p. 197
The Empowerment Process	p. 198
Action Research Adds a Moral Dimension to Science	p. 200
The Action Researcher and Community Empowerment	p. 201
Developing Self-Awareness in the Community	p. 201
Creating a Liaison Between the Community and Outsiders	p. 202
The Limitations of the Action Researcher	p. 203
Knowing the Community	p. 203
Facilitating Change	p. 205
Organizing Gatherings and Sharing Information	p. 205
Organizing Work, Collecting Facts, Evaluating Actions	p. 206
The Look, Think, Act Model	p. 207
Sustaining the Process	p. 209
Summary	p. 211
Teaching Health Anthropology	p. 213
Guide to This Chapter	p. 215
Teaching and Research Should Go Together	p. 215
Traditional Teaching Methods	p. 216
A Better Way: Student-Centered Teaching	p. 216
Benefits and Costs of the Student-Centered Method	p. 218
The Method of Student-Centered Teaching	p. 219
Class Size	p. 219
Selection of Students	p. 219
Location	p. 219
Classroom Resources	p. 220
Scheduling	p. 220
Preparation	p. 220
Role of the Teacher/Facilitator	p. 221
Classroom Strategies for Creating Student Confidence	p. 222
Classroom Strategies for Larger Classes	p. 226
Group Teaching	p. 227
Homework and Outside Assignments	p. 228
Reading Assignments	p. 228
Journals	p. 228
Field Work	p. 229
Problem-Based Learning	p. 231
Summary	p. 234
Professionalism in Naturalistic Social Science	p. 235
Guide to This Chapter	p. 237
The Quality of Naturalistic Research	p. 237
Positivist-Friendly Naturalistic Method	p. 233
Usefulness as Validity: A Better Solution	p. 240
The Problem of Values	p. 241
The Problem of Shared Tradition	p. 241
Assessing Community Health Beliefs	p. 243
Summary	p. 244
Appendix	p. 247
References	p. 255
Index	p. 261
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Doing Health Anthropology

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