Doing Social Research
, by Cargan, LeonardNote: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9780742547155 | 0742547159
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 1/18/2007
Doing Social Research is an easy-to-understand guidebook for readers who have little or no knowledge of the social research process. Written in a clear, straightforward style, this book presents the various topics of social research in the outline form of all sociological research articles, providing a concise overview of the most important elements of social research. As an added bonus, synopses of classical studies introduce readers to the early pioneers of social research.
Leonard Cargan is professor emeritus of sociology at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio
Preface | p. xiii |
The Scientific Method | p. 1 |
Introduction: Taking the Course | p. 1 |
Doing Social Research | p. 3 |
Scientific Requirements | p. 3 |
The Range of Questions | p. 5 |
Applied and Pure Research | p. 6 |
Types of Inquiry | p. 6 |
Research for Social Studies | p. 8 |
Social Studies Impacts | p. 8 |
Social and Sociological Problems | p. 8 |
Research Methods | p. 9 |
The Possibilities | p. 10 |
Conclusion: The Text | p. 10 |
The Classical Studies | p. 12 |
Student Projects | p. 13 |
Questions | p. 13 |
Exercises | p. 14 |
Designing the Research Project | p. 15 |
Introduction: Establishing the Purpose of the Study | p. 15 |
Positive Factors | p. 15 |
Negative Factors | p. 17 |
The Literature Review | p. 18 |
The Search | p. 19 |
The Design of the Study | p. 24 |
The Methods | p. 26 |
Concluding the Design | p. 27 |
Conclusion: Reviewing the Process | p. 27 |
Student Projects | p. 28 |
Questions | p. 28 |
Exercises | p. 28 |
The Conceptual Framework | p. 29 |
Introduction: The Function of the Conceptual Framework | p. 29 |
The Theory | p. 30 |
Inductive Logic | p. 31 |
Deductive Logic | p. 31 |
Concept Mapping | p. 32 |
The Role of the Hypothesis | p. 33 |
The Needs of a Good Hypothesis | p. 34 |
The Components of the Hypothesis: Variables and Concepts | p. 36 |
The Question of Causality | p. 39 |
Conclusion: The Contributions of the Conceptual Framework | p. 40 |
Student Projects | p. 41 |
Questions | p. 41 |
Exercises | p. 41 |
The Research Proposal | p. 43 |
Introduction: The Research Proposal | p. 43 |
The Explanation | p. 43 |
The Study | p. 44 |
Non-Experts | p. 45 |
Types of Research | p. 47 |
Affecting Factors | p. 48 |
Common Research Methods | p. 49 |
Conclusion: The Terminology | p. 51 |
Student Projects | p. 52 |
Questions | p. 52 |
Exercises | p. 52 |
Collecting Data | p. 53 |
Introduction: Measurement | p. 53 |
Method Classifications | p. 54 |
Obtrusive Methods | p. 54 |
Unobtrusive Methods | p. 56 |
Using Available Data | p. 56 |
Content Analysis: Means and Uses | p. 61 |
Secondary Analysis | p. 64 |
Advantages and Disadvantages of Available Data | p. 64 |
Conclusion: More Than One | p. 66 |
Student Projects | p. 66 |
Questions | p. 66 |
Exercises | p. 66 |
The Classic Studies | |
Classic Example Using Available Government Statistics: Suicide: A Study in Sociology | p. 69 |
Classic Example Using Content Analysis of Available Documents: The Polish Peasant in Europe and America | p. 78 |
Collecting the Data: Utilizing the Survey | p. 89 |
Introduction: The History of the Survey | p. 89 |
Advantages and Disadvantages | p. 90 |
Types | p. 90 |
The Self-Administered Questionnaire | p. 91 |
Tasks of Construction and Development | p. 92 |
Question Types | p. 93 |
Question Preparation | p. 94 |
The Problems | p. 95 |
Different Techniques for Conducting a Survey | p. 98 |
Administration | p. 98 |
The Telephone | p. 98 |
The Mailed Questionnaire | p. 99 |
The Internet | p. 101 |
The Interview | p. 105 |
Tasks of Construction | p. 105 |
Tasks of Administration | p. 106 |
Special Interviewing Techniques | p. 110 |
The Focus Interview | p. 110 |
The Depth Interview | p. 111 |
The Telephone Interview | p. 112 |
Conclusions: Advantages and Disadvantages | p. 116 |
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Self-Administered Questionnaire | p. 116 |
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Interview | p. 117 |
Which Method to Choose | p. 121 |
Student Projects | p. 121 |
Questions | p. 121 |
Exercises | p. 121 |
The Classic Studies | |
Classic Example Using the Survey Questionnaire: The American Soldier: Adjustment during Army Life (volume 1) and The American Soldier: Combat and Its Aftermath (volume 2) | p. 123 |
Classic Example Using the Survey Interview: An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy | p. 131 |
Classic Example Using the Survey Depth Interview: Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953) | p. 135 |
Collecting the Data: Making Scientific Observations | p. 141 |
Introduction: Scientific Observation | p. 141 |
Advantages and Disadvantages of Scientific Observation | p. 142 |
Aids in Recording Behavior | p. 145 |
Types of Scientific Observation | p. 146 |
Means of Scientific Observation | p. 147 |
Nonparticipant Observer | p. 147 |
Participant Observer | p. 147 |
The In-between Observer | p. 152 |
Conclusion: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Types of Scientific Observation | p. 154 |
Student Projects | p. 154 |
Questions | p. 154 |
Exercises | p. 155 |
The Classic Studies | |
Classic Example Using Detached Observation: Interaction Process Analysis: A Method for the Study of Small Groups | p. 157 |
Classic Example Using Participant Observation: Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum | p. 164 |
Classic Example Using Unstructured Observation: We, the Tikopia: A Sociological Study of Kinship in Primitive Polynesia | p. 172 |
Collecting the Data: Conducting an Experiment | p. 175 |
Introduction: Tasks of Experiments | p. 175 |
Types of Experiments | p. 176 |
The Settings for Experiments | p. 177 |
Designs for Conducting Experiments | p. 179 |
Validity | p. 184 |
Conclusion: The Decisions | p. 185 |
Student Projects | p. 186 |
Questions | p. 186 |
Exercises | p. 186 |
The Classic Studies | |
Classic Example Using a Laboratory Experiment: Management and the Worker | p. 187 |
Classic Example Using a Field Experiment: Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation: The Robbers Cave Experiment | p. 195 |
Collecting the Data: Some Special Designs | p. 203 |
Introduction: Different Designs for Special Needs | p. 203 |
The Case Study | p. 203 |
The Community Study | p. 205 |
The Longitudinal Study | p. 206 |
Conclusion: Current Use of These Special Designs | p. 209 |
Student Projects | p. 209 |
Questions | p. 209 |
Exercises | p. 209 |
The Classic Studies | |
Classic Example Using a Case Study: Union Democracy: The Internal Politics of the International Typographical Union | p. 211 |
Classic Example Using a Community Study: Middletown: A Study in American Culture (1929) and Middletown in Transition (1937) | p. 216 |
Classic Example Using a Panel Analysis: The People's Choice: How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign | p. 223 |
Analyzing the Data: Some Important Questions | p. 229 |
Introduction: Analysis and the Research Question | p. 229 |
Problems of Measurement: Validity and Reliability | p. 229 |
Validity | p. 230 |
Reliability | p. 233 |
Problems of Measurement: Sample Type | p. 235 |
Sample Size | p. 236 |
Sampling Error | p. 238 |
Sample Selection | p. 239 |
Problems of Measurement: Scales | p. 244 |
Scale Types | p. 245 |
Sophisticated Scales | p. 247 |
Conclusion: Needs | p. 254 |
Scaling Needs | p. 255 |
Student Projects | p. 256 |
Questions | p. 256 |
Exercises | p. 257 |
Analyzing the Data: Some Important Tools | p. 259 |
Introduction: Tools of Analysis | p. 259 |
Tasks | p. 259 |
The Need for Coding | p. 260 |
Reliability | p. 261 |
Special Problems | p. 261 |
Codebooks | p. 262 |
Graphic Displays | p. 262 |
Matrices | p. 263 |
Networks | p. 265 |
Statistics for Testing and Explaning | p. 265 |
Parametric Numbers: Descriptive and Inferential Numbers | p. 266 |
Nonparametric Numbers: Frequency Distribution; Central Tendency; Dispersion | p. 267 |
Inferential Statistics | p. 270 |
The Latest Entry in Data Analysis: The Computer | p. 273 |
Conclusion: The Need for Verification | p. 276 |
Student Projects | p. 277 |
Questions | p. 277 |
Exercises | p. 277 |
Concluding the Study | p. 279 |
Introduction: Presenting the Material | p. 279 |
Statement of the Problem | p. 281 |
Description of Method | p. 282 |
Presentation of Results | p. 282 |
Interpretation | p. 282 |
Writing the Report | p. 282 |
The Abstract | p. 287 |
Conclusion: Other Possible Needs | p. 288 |
Student Projects | p. 289 |
Questions | p. 289 |
Exercises | p. 289 |
Appendixes | |
Basic Research Guide for the Design of a Social Research Problem | p. 291 |
A List of Websites for Research | p. 295 |
A Guide to Sociological Journals | p. 301 |
The Research Grant Proposal | p. 307 |
Job Titles for Sociology Trainees | p. 311 |
Glossary | p. 313 |
References: The Classic Studies | p. 321 |
References | p. 325 |
Index | p. 331 |
About the Author | p. 345 |
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