Drug Testing in Alternate Biological Specimens

, by Jenkins, Amanda J.; Caplan, Yale H.

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ISBN: 9781588297099 | 1588297098
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/1/2008

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Although the specimen of choice in the US drug testing industry is urine, and serum in clinical medicine, interest has recently grown in the use of other matrices as drug testing media. Drug Testing in Alternate Biological Specimens provides researchers and forensic toxicologists with a convenient general text summarizing the state of knowledge today. The book is organized into chapters based upon specimen type, each describing the composition of the matrix, sample collection, preparation and analytical procedures, drugs detected to date, and a discussion of the interpretation of positive findings. These chapters focus specifically on the application of these practices to drugs of abuse. Comprehensive and easy to use, Drug Testing in Alternate Biological Specimens offers the means to solve difficult forensic mysteries and to better answer the critical questions of the criminal justice system.

Foreword	p. ix
Preface	p. xiii
Contributors	p. xxi
Specimens of Maternal Origin: Amniotic Fluid and Breast Milk	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Rates of Drug Use	p. 3
Drug Effects	p. 6
Amniotic Fluid	p. 6
Anatomy and Physiology	p. 6
Drug Transfer	p. 7
Sample Collection and Drug Analysis	p. 8
Toxicological Findings	p. 9
Breast Milk	p. 11
Anatomy and Physiology	p. 11
Drug Transfer	p. 11
Sample Collection and Drug Analysis	p. 12
Toxicological Findings	p. 12
Interpretation	p. 15
References	p. 16
Drugs-of-Abuse in Meconium Specimens	p. 19
Introduction	p. 19
Acceptance of Meconium Analysis	p. 20
Composition of Meconium	p. 21
Deposition of Drugs in the Fetus	p. 21
Sample Preparation and Instrumental Testing Methodologies	p. 22
Immunochemical Screening Assays	p. 22
Confirmatory Assays	p. 24
Interpretation Issues	p. 33
Positive Findings	p. 33
Negative Findings	p. 34
Advantages of Meconium Analysis	p. 34
Disadvantages of Meconium Analysis	p. 34
Summary	p. 36
References	p. 36
Drugs-of-Abuse in Nails	p. 43
Introduction	p. 43
Structure of Nails	p. 44
Germinal Matrix	p. 45
Lunula	p. 45
Nail Bed	p. 45
Hyponychium	p. 45
Nail Plate	p. 45
Nail Folds	p. 46
Growth Rates	p. 46
Nail Formation	p. 46
Drug Incorporation	p. 47
Internal Mechanisms	p. 47
External Mechanisms	p. 48
Drugs Detected	p. 49
Sample Preparation and Analyses	p. 60
Decontamination	p. 60
Preparation and Extraction	p. 61
Clean-Up	p. 61
Detection	p. 61
Interpretation	p. 61
Advantages and Disadvantages	p. 62
References	p. 63
Drug Testing in Hair	p. 67
Introduction	p. 68
Hair Composition	p. 68
Drug Incorporation	p. 69
Specimen Collection and Preparation	p. 70
Advantages and Disadvantages	p. 73
Comparison with Urine Testing	p. 73
Verification of Drug-Use History	p. 74
Determination of Gestational Drug Exposure	p. 75
Alcohol Abuse	p. 76
Verification of Doping Practices	p. 76
Driving License Regranting	p. 77
Drug-Facilitated Crimes	p. 78
Conclusion	p. 78
References	p. 79
Drugs-of-Abuse Testing in Saliva or Oral Fluid	p. 83
Introduction	p. 83
Historical Overview	p. 84
Composition of Saliva	p. 84
Sample Collection	p. 85
Kinetics of Drug Transfer to Saliva/Oral Fluid	p. 85
Effect of Collection, Collectors, and Stimulation on Drug Content of Saliva/Oral Fluid	p. 87
Sample Preparation and Testing Procedures	p. 87
Sample Stability	p. 87
Sample Pre-Treatment	p. 88
Screening Tests	p. 88
POCT Testing (Immunoassays)	p. 89
Confirmation Testing and Tandem Mass Spectrometry	p. 89
Drugs Detected in Saliva/Oral Fluid	p. 90
Amphetamines	p. 90
Cannabinoids	p. 90
Cocaine	p. 91
Opioids	p. 91
Phencyclidine	p. 92
Interpretation Issues	p. 92
Advantages and Disadvantages as a Drug Testing Matrix	p. 93
Future Developments	p. 94
References	p. 95
The Detection of Drugs in Sweat	p. 101
Introduction	p. 101
Composition of the Skin	p. 102
Composition of Sweat	p. 102
The Collection of Sweat	p. 103
The Detection of Drugs in Sweat	p. 106
Specimen Testing	p. 107
Sweat Patch Extraction	p. 107
Screening	p. 109
Confirmation	p. 109
Amphetamines	p. 110
Cannabinoids	p. 111
Cocaine	p. 111
Opiates	p. 111
Phencyclidine	p. 112
Interpretation of Results	p. 112
Advantages and Disadvantages	p. 114
References	p. 114
Drugs-of-Abuse Testing in Vitreous Humor	p. 117
Structure of the Eye	p. 117
Vitreous Humor Composition	p. 118
Movement of Substances into and from Vitreous Humor	p. 119
Specimen Collection	p. 119
Drug Analysis in Vitreous Humor	p. 120
Case Reports and Interpretation of Results	p. 120
Amphetamines and Hallucinogenic Amines	p. 120
Cannabinoids	p. 121
Cocaine and Metabolites	p. 121
Opioids	p. 123
Phencyclidine	p. 127
Advantages and Disadvantages	p. 127
References	p. 128
Drugs in Bone and Bone Marrow	p. 131
Introduction	p. 131
Physiology and Structure	p. 131
Treatment of Bone and Bone Marrow for Analysis	p. 132
Drug Detection	p. 133
Skeletonized Remains	p. 134
Teeth	p. 135
Advantages and Disadvantages	p. 135
References	p. 136
Drugs-of-Abuse in Liver	p. 139
Introduction	p. 139
The Liver	p. 140
Kinetics of Drug Uptake and Distribution	p. 141
Long-Term Drug Sequestration	p. 142
Analysis of Drugs in the Liver	p. 143
Interpretation	p. 145
Amphetamines	p. 146
Opiates and Opioids	p. 147
Phencyclidine and Ketamine	p. 150
Cocaine	p. 151
Cannabinoids	p. 152
Advantages and Disadvantages	p. 152
References	p. 152
Drugs-of-Abuse Testing in Brain	p. 157
Structure and Composition of the Human Brain	p. 157
Kinetics of Drug Transfer	p. 159
Sample Preparation Procedures and Instrument Testing Methodologies	p. 161
Sampling	p. 161
Sample Pre-Treatment	p. 161
Sample Extraction	p. 162
Chromatographic Separation and Detection (Identification)	p. 164
Drugs Detected in Brain	p. 165
Interpretational Issues	p. 165
Opiates	p. 165
Cocaine	p. 170
Amphetamines	p. 172
Cannabinoids	p. 172
Phencyclidine	p. 173
Advantages and Disadvantages of Brain as a Drug-Testing Matrix	p. 173
References	p. 176
Index	p. 181
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Drug Testing in Alternate Biological Specimens

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