Drug War Heresies: Learning from Other Vices,

Weighs the viability of controversial solutions to America's drug problem, including education, treatment & legalization.

List of Figures and Tables

xiii

Acknowledgments

xv

PART I: OVERVIEW

1

(38)

Preface and Overview

1

(14)

The Arguments

3

(2)

The Evidence

5

(5)

Assessing the Alternatives

10

(5)

Drug Prohibition: American Style

15

(24)

Patterns of Drug Use

15

(6)

Drug-Related Problems

21

(3)

Enforcement

24

(8)

Demand Side Programs

32

(6)

Conclusion

38

(1)

PART II: THE ARGUMENTS

39

(89)

The Debate

39

(16)

Elite Opinion

42

(6)

Public Opinion

48

(2)

Why Have Legalizers Had So Little Impact?

50

(4)

Conclusion

54

(1)

Philosophical Underpinnings

55

(17)

Consequentialist vs. Deontological Arguments

56

(2)

The Liberal Tradition

58

(4)

Alternatives to Liberalism

62

(9)

Implications

71

(1)

How Does Prohibition Affect Drug Use?

72

(29)

The Economics of Drug Demand

76

(2)

Deterrence: The Fear of Legal Sanctions

78

(8)

Informal Self and Social Controls

86

(6)

Summary of Mechanisms

92

(2)

Implications for Policy

94

(7)

How Does Prohibition Affect Drug Harms?

101

(27)

A Taxonomy of Drug-Related Harms

102

(10)

The Implementation of Prohibition and Specific Harms

112

(15)

Conclusions

127

(1)

PART III: THE EVIDENCE

128

(172)

Other Vices: Prostitution and Gambling

128

(28)

Gambling

129

(14)

Prostitution

143

(13)

Other Substances: Alcohol and Cigarettes

156

(27)

Alcohol

157

(12)

Cigarettes

169

(12)

Conclusion

181

(2)

U.S. Experience with Legal Cocaine and Heroin

183

(22)

Cocaine

184

(12)

The Opiates

196

(6)

Conclusions

202

(3)

Learning from European Experiences

205

(33)

Characterizing Drug Policy

207

(3)

Analytic Framework

210

(3)

Laws and Their Enforcement

213

(8)

The Prevalence of Drug Use

221

(9)

Italy's ``Natural Experiment'' with Depenalization

230

(6)

Conclusions

236

(2)

Cannabis Policies in The Netherlands

238

(27)

Characterizing Dutch Cannabis Policy

239

(12)

Outcomes

251

(12)

Interpreting the Dutch Experience and Other Analogies

263

(2)

Harm Reduction in Europe

265

(35)

Needle Exchange and Treatment Programs in Europe

265

(7)

Evaluating the Harm Reduction Approach: The Netherlands

272

(6)

Swiss Experimentation

278

(8)

Heroin Maintenance

286

(11)

Learning from Europe

297

(3)

PART IV: ASSESSING THE ALTERNATIVES

300

(110)

Summary of the Evidence and a Framework for Assessment

300

(28)

Interpreting the Analogies

300

(10)

The Spectrum of Regimes

310

(7)

Outcomes: Total Harm and Its Components

317

(2)

The Necessity of Value Judgments

319

(6)

Summary Propositions

325

(3)

Projecting the Consequences of Alternative Regimes

328

(43)

Projections for Cocaine and Heroin

328

(13)

Cannabis: Background

341

(15)

The Basis for Continued Cannabis Prohibition

356

(10)

Appendix

366

(5)

Obstacles to Moving Beyond the Drug War

371

(39)

Uncertainty and the Legalization Debate

372

(3)

Politics

375

(10)

The Strict Allegiance to Use Reduction

385

(16)

How Firm Is the Resistance to Change?

401

(3)

Can America Treat and Prevent Its Way out of Drug Problems?

404

(4)

On Doing Less: Drug Policy in Moderation and Some Nonzero Tolerance

408

(2)

Bibliography

410

(46)

Data Sources for Figures

456

(3)

Author Index

459

(11)

Subject Index

470

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Drug War Heresies: Learning from Other Vices, Times, and Places

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials