- ISBN: 9780917678547 | 0917678540
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 12/27/2004
Preface | p. vii |
Introduction: a Historical Perspective | p. 1 |
Historical Developments | p. 1 |
Classification of Cured Meats | p. 3 |
References | p. 5 |
Description of Main Muscle Characteristics | p. 7 |
Muscle Structure | p. 7 |
Muscle Composition | p. 9 |
Muscle Proteins | p. 10 |
Muscle and Adipose Tissue Lipids | p. 11 |
The Muscle Enzyme System | p. 12 |
Quality Characteristics | p. 20 |
References | p. 24 |
Manufacturing of Dry-Cured Ham | p. 27 |
Ingredients and Additives | p. 29 |
Traditional Processing | p. 31 |
Modern Processing Technology | p. 31 |
Changes During Dry-Curing | p. 43 |
Moisture Content and Water Activity | p. 43 |
Salt Diffusion | p. 47 |
Color | p. 49 |
Textural Properties | p. 49 |
pH | p. 50 |
Chemical Changes | p. 50 |
Enzymatic Reactions | p. 50 |
Main Types of Products | p. 51 |
Other Dry-Cured Meat Pieces: Loins and Shoulders | p. 57 |
Trends in Accelerated Processing of Dry-Cured Hams | p. 58 |
References | p. 60 |
Principles of Dry-Fermented Sausage-Making | p. 63 |
Ingredients and Additives | p. 64 |
Meat | p. 64 |
Fat | p. 65 |
Curing Agents | p. 65 |
Carbohydrates | p. 66 |
Spices and Flavorings | p. 67 |
Starter Cultures | p. 67 |
Casings | p. 67 |
Processing Technology | p. 68 |
Comminution | p. 68 |
Fermentation | p. 73 |
Chemical Acidulation | p. 75 |
Smoking | p. 76 |
Ripening/Drying | p. 76 |
Final Product | p. 79 |
Changes During the Processing | p. 79 |
Color | p. 79 |
Texture | p. 81 |
Humidity | p. 81 |
pH | p. 82 |
Main Fermented Sausage Varieties | p. 82 |
Trends in Accelerated Processing | p. 84 |
Use of Enzymes | p. 84 |
Use of Selected Starter Cultures | p. 85 |
Use of Improved Strains as New Starter Cultures | p. 86 |
References | p. 86 |
Fermentation and Starter Cultures | p. 89 |
Microbiology of Dry-Fermented Sausage | p. 89 |
Metabolism | p. 92 |
Sugar Metabolism | p. 92 |
Proteolysis | p. 93 |
Amino Acid Metabolism | p. 97 |
Lipolysis | p. 100 |
Nitrate Reductase | p. 102 |
Catalase | p. 102 |
Starter Cultures | p. 102 |
Microbiology of Starter Cultures | p. 104 |
Requirements for Starter Cultures | p. 106 |
Production, Quality Control and Application of Starter Cultures | p. 107 |
References | p. 109 |
Characterization of Proteolysis | p. 113 |
Proteolysis in Dry-Cured Ham | p. 113 |
Action of Muscle Proteases | p. 113 |
Protein Breakdown, Peptide Generation/Breakdown | p. 116 |
Generation of Free Amino Acids | p. 119 |
Proteolysis in Dry-Fermented Sausages | p. 122 |
Action of Muscle and Microbial Proteases | p. 124 |
Protein Breakdown, Peptide Generation/Breakdown | p. 124 |
Generation of Free Amino Acids | p. 127 |
Metabolism of Amino Acids: Amine Generation | p. 129 |
References | p. 130 |
Characterization of Lipolysis | p. 135 |
Lipolysis in Dry-Cured Ham | p. 135 |
Action of Muscle and Adipose Tissue Lipases | p. 135 |
Lipid Breakdown | p. 138 |
Generation of Free Fatty Acids | p. 141 |
Lipolysis in Dry-Fermented Sausages | p. 143 |
Action of Muscle and Microbial Lipases | p. 143 |
Lipids Breakdown and Generation of Free Fatty Acids | p. 145 |
Other Enzymatic Reactions | p. 146 |
Nitrate Reductase Activity | p. 146 |
Catalase Activity | p. 147 |
References | p. 148 |
Flavor Development | p. 153 |
Generation of Nonvolatile Compounds | p. 153 |
Generation of Volatile Compounds | p. 156 |
Degradation of Free Amino Acids | p. 157 |
Reactions Between Amino Acids and Other Compounds | p. 157 |
Oxidation | p. 164 |
Glycolysis | p. 165 |
Other Compounds | p. 165 |
Sensory Characteristics | p. 166 |
Relation Between Sensory Analysis and Flavor | p. 167 |
Dry-Cured Ham | p. 168 |
Dry-Fermented Sausages | p. 168 |
References | p. 169 |
Nutritional Properties | p. 173 |
Proteins | p. 173 |
Lipids | p. 176 |
Vitamins | p. 178 |
Water-Soluble Vitamins | p. 179 |
Fat-Soluble Vitamins | p. 181 |
Minerals | p. 182 |
Iron | p. 182 |
Zinc | p. 183 |
Selenium | p. 183 |
Copper | p. 183 |
Manganese | p. 184 |
Sodium | p. 184 |
References | p. 184 |
Effect of Raw Materials and Processing on Quality | p. 189 |
Importance of Raw Materials | p. 189 |
Effect of the Genetic Type | p. 189 |
Effect of Age | p. 193 |
Effect of Sex | p. 194 |
Effect of Feed Type | p. 196 |
Effect of Antemortem Stress | p. 198 |
Influence of Formulations | p. 198 |
Importance of Processing Conditions | p. 203 |
Effect of Prefreezing/Thawing Of Raw Hams Prior to Dry-Curing | p. 203 |
Effect of Processing Conditions | p. 205 |
Effect of Accelerated Processing | p. 206 |
References | p. 207 |
Main Defects and Preventive Measures | p. 211 |
Main Defects in Dry-Cured Hams and Their Causes | p. 211 |
Physicochemical Change | p. 211 |
White Crystals Inside the Ham | p. 213 |
White Film in Vacuum-Packed Ham | p. 213 |
Development of Undesirable Microorganisms | p. 214 |
Other Defects | p. 216 |
Main Defects in Dry-Fermented Sausages and Their Causes | p. 216 |
Physicochemical Changes | p. 216 |
Development of Undesirable Microorganisms | p. 218 |
References | p. 219 |
Safety Aspects | p. 221 |
Generic HACCP Model for Dry-Cured Hams | p. 222 |
Identification of Hazards | p. 224 |
Control Measures | p. 225 |
Critical Control Points | p. 225 |
Generic HACCP Model for Dry-Fermented Sausages | p. 226 |
Identification of Hazards | p. 226 |
Control Measures | p. 229 |
Critical Control Points | p. 230 |
References | p. 230 |
Economic and International Aspects | p. 233 |
Trends in World Meat Product Consumption and Production | p. 233 |
European Union | p. 233 |
U.S. and Other Countries | p. 236 |
References | p. 237 |
Index | p. 239 |
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