Dynamic Loading and Characterization of

This well-organized volume begins with a breakdown of the dynamic properties of composites and a complete look at various testing methods and data derived from each technique. Next is a discussion of wave motion in fiber-reinforced composites, including an investigation of effective modulus theory, an examination of wave motions in composite plates under impact loading, and a series of experimental studies conducted on inspected composite plates. The book then discusses non-destructive testing, including the applications and limitations of currently available non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques, and covers a variety of factors that affect the damage tolerance of composites. Important information on impact damage modeling, along with a classification of model types, is also presented.

About the authors ROBERT L. SIERAKOWSKI, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science at Ohio State University in Columbus. His previous books include Damage Tolerance of Composites and The Behavior of Structures Composed of Composite Materials. SHIVE K. CHATURVEDI, PhD, is Associate Professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science at Ohio State University in Columbus. A former member of the editorial board of the international journal Composites Engineering, he authored an entry in the multivolume Encyclopedia of Composites.

PREFACE

xi

INTRODUCTION

1

(14)

1.1 Types of Composites

1

(1)

1.2 Types of Loading

2

(2)

1.3 Dynamic Loading Regimes

4

(1)

1.4 Projectile/Target Characteristics

5

(3)

1.5 Analytical/Experimental Modeling Issues

8

(4)

1.6 Dynamic Thermal Loading Effects

12

(1)

1.7 Local/Global Response

12

(3)

1.8 References

13

(2)

2 DYNAMIC PROPERTIES

15

(84)

2.1 Introduction

15

(3)

2.2 Dynamic Test Methods

18

(19)

2.2.1 Punch Tests

18

(3)

2.2.2 Charpy/Izod Tests

21

(8)

2.2.3 Drop-Weight Tests

29

(4)

2.2.4 Concluding Remarks on Charpy/Izod and Drop-Weight Tests

33

(4)

2.3 Hydraulic/Pneumatic Machines

37

(4)

2.4 Hopkinson Pressure Bar (Compression)

41

(16)

2.4.1 Introduction

42

(1)

2.4.2 Historical Comments

42

(1)

2.4.3 Compression Bar Test Description

43

(2)

2.4.4 Specimen Size and Friction Effects

45

(1)

2.4.5 Derivation of Stress-Strain Equations

46

(3)

2.4.6 Pressure Bar Calibration

49

(4)

2.4.7 Temperature Corrections for Pressure Bars

53

(4)

2.5 Hopkinson Pressure Bar (Tension)

57

(11)

2.6 Hopkinson Pressure Bar (Flexure)

68

(5)

2.7 Hopkinson Pressure Bar (Shear)

73

(5)

2.8 Flyer Plate Tests

78

(9)

2.9 Concluding Remarks

87

(1)

2.10 Expanding Ring

88

(7)

2.11 References

95

(4)

3 WAVE MOTION

99

(36)

3.1 Introduction

99

(1)

3.2 Primary Theoretical Models

100

(4)

3.2.1 Effective Modulus Theories

101

(1)

3.2.2 Effective Stiffness Theories

101

(1)

3.2.3 Elasticity Theory with Microstructure

102

(1)

3.2.4 Mixture Theories

102

(1)

3.2.5 Continuum Theories Based upon Asymptotic Expansion

102

(1)

3.2.6 Discrete Continuum Theories

103

(1)

3.2.7 Lattice-Type Theories

103

(1)

3.2.8 Other Theories

103

(1)

3.3 Effective Modulus Theories for Composites

104

(12)

3.3.1 Orthotropic Materials

106

(4)

3.3.2 Transversely Isotropic Materials

110

(1)

3.3.3 Stress-Wave Velocity Measurements in Fiber-Reinforced Rods and Plates

110

(6)

3.4 Wave Motions in Composite Plates under Impact Loading

116

(8)

3.5 Experimental Wave Propagation Studies under Impact

124

(6)

3.6 References

130

(5)

4 DAMAGE DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION

135

(28)

4.1 Introduction

135

(1)

4.2 Damage Detection Methodology

136

(1)

4.3 Non-Destructive Evaluation

137

(13)

4.3.1 Acoustic Emission

137

(6)

4.3.2 Ultrasonics

143

(6)

4.3.3 Radiographic Techniques

149

(1)

4.4 Damage Initiation and Growth Mechanisms

150

(3)

4.4.1 Materials and Laminate Configurations

151

(1)

4.4.2 Introduction and Observations of Damage

152

(1)

4.4.3 Cylindrical Bend Tests

153

(1)

4.5 Comparison of Damage Mechanisms and Their Growth in Glass-, Graphite-, and Kevlar-Epoxy Material Systems

153

(4)

4.6 Identification of Impact Damage Modes and Material Parameters

157

(2)

4.6.1 Damage Modes

157

(1)

4.6.2 Important Material Parameters

158

(1)

4.6.3 Comparative Assessment

158

(1)

4.7 Concluding Remarks

159

(2)

4.8 References

161

(2)

5 DAMAGE TOLERANCE

163

(52)

5.1 Introduction

163

(4)

5.2 Damage-Tolerant Design

167

(1)

5.3 Measures to Assess Damage Tolerance

168

(33)

5.3.1 Damage Size

169

(9)

5.3.2 Residual Strength/Stiffness

178

(22)

5.3.3 Residual Dynamic Response

200

(1)

5.4 Effects of Material Properties/Parameters

201

(9)

5.5 Concluding Remarks

210

(1)

5.6 References

210

(5)

6 IMPACT DAMAGE MODELING

215

(28)

6.1 Introduction

215

(1)

6.2 Model Classification

215

(25)

6.2.1 Empirical Modeling

216

(2)

6.2.2 Semi-Empirical Modeling

218

(11)

6.2.3 Analytical Models of Damage

229

(11)

6.3 References

240

(3)

AUTHOR INDEX

243

(4)

SUBJECT INDEX

247

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Dynamic Loading and Characterization of Fiber-Reinforced Composites

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials