Dynamic Sun

, by Edited by B. N. Dwivedi , Foreword by E. N. Parker

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ISBN: 9780521810579 | 0521810574
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/9/2003

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Dynamic Sun presents a comprehensive and authoritative overview of the Sun, from its deep core to the outer corona, and the solar wind. The chapters are written by leading scientists in solar physics and deal with solar models and neutrinos, seismic Sun, rotation of the solar interior, helioseismic tomography, solar dynamo, spectro-polarimetry, solar photosphere and convection, dynamics and heating of the solar chromosphere,and solar transition region. With an introduction by eminent astrophysicist Eugene Parker, the twenty chapters are fully illustrated and have comprehensive reference lists.

Foreword

E.N. Parker

Dynamic Sun: an introduction

(7)

B.N. Dwivedi

Introduction

(1)

Main contents

(5)

Concluding remarks

(1)

Solar models: structure, neutrinos and helioseismological properties

(28)

J.N. Bahcall

S. Basu

M.H. Pinsonneault

Introduction

(1)

Standard solar model

(2)

Variant and deviant solar models

(3)

Neutrino physics

(10)

Standard model

(2)

Calculated uncertainties

(2)

NACRE charged particle fusion rates

(1)

Variant and deviant models

(1)

The electron number density

(3)

Sound speeds

(5)

Discussion and summary

(7)

Standard solar model: current epoch

(1)

Neutrino fluxes and related quantities

(2)

Sound speeds

(1)

References

(4)

Seismic Sun

(19)

S.M. Chitre

H.M. Antia

Introduction

(1)

Structure equations and the Standard Solar Model

(2)

Seismology of the Sun

(2)

Inferences about the solar structure

(14)

References

(3)

Rotation of the solar interior

(23)

J. Christensen-Dalsgaard

M.J. Thompson

Introduction

(2)

Helioseismic probes of the solar interior

(7)

Rotational effects on the oscillation frequencies

(1)

Data on rotational splitting

(3)

Inversion for solar internal rotation

(1)

The solar internal rotation

(7)

Rotation of the solar convection zone

(2)

The tachocline

(2)

The radiative interior

(1)

Modelling solar rotation

(2)

Final remarks

(5)

References

(4)

Helioseismic tomography

(25)

A.G. Kosovichev

Introduction

(1)

Method of helioseismic tomography

(5)

The ray approximation

(1)

The Born approximation

(2)

Inversion methods

(1)

Diagnostics of supergranulation

(2)

Large-scale flows

(1)

Meridional circulation

(1)

Emerging active regions

(2)

Structure and dynamics of sunspots

(4)

Imaging the far side of the Sun

(2)

Conclusion

(4)

References

100

(3)

The solar dynamo as a model of the solar cycle

103

(25)

A.R. Choudhuri

Introduction

103

(1)

Relevant observations

104

(4)

Some basic MHD considerations

108

(2)

The turbulent dynamo and mean field MHD

110

(4)

Dynamo in the overshoot layer?

114

(3)

The Babcock-Leighton approach and advective dynamo models

117

(4)

Miscellaneous ill-understood issues

121

(2)

Conclusion

123

(5)

References

124

(4)

Spectro-polarimetry

128

(20)

J.O. Stenflo

Remote sensing of the Sun's magnetic field: an introduction

128

(2)

Observational techniques and their limitations

130

(3)

Zeeman-effect diagnostics

133

(5)

The Hanle effect

138

(4)

Optical pumping

142

(4)

Concluding remarks

146

(2)

References

146

(2)

Solar photosphere and convection

148

(17)

A. Nordlund

Introduction

148

(2)

Dynamic and thermal properties of the solar photosphere

150

(2)

Spectral line synthesis

152

(4)

P-mode diagnostics

156

(3)

Large scale velocity fields

159

(3)

Consequences for coronal and chromospheric heating

162

(1)

Concluding remarks

162

(3)

References

163

(2)

The dynamics of the quiet solar chromosphere

165

(16)

W. Kalkofen

S.S. Hasan

P. Ulmschneider

Introduction

165

(1)

Oscillations in the nonmagnetic chromosphere

166

(6)

Oscillations in the magnetic network

172

(9)

References

178

(3)

Heating of the solar chromosphere

181

(15)

P. Ulmschneider

W. Kalkofen

Introduction

181

(1)

Empirical chromosphere models

182

(2)

Energy balance and the necessity of mechanical heating

184

(3)

Overview of the heating mechanisms

187

(1)

Search for the important heating mechanisms

188

(5)

Summary and outlook

193

(3)

References

195

(1)

The solar transition region

196

(21)

O. Kjeldseth-Moe

Introduction

196

(1)

Emission from the transition region plasma

197

(3)

The emitted intensity

197

(1)

Underlying approximations and concepts

198

(2)

Constant conductive flux and the thin transition region

200

(1)

The extended transition region

201

(4)

Excess emission at temperatures below 105 K

201

(1)

The EUV flash spectrum: direct observation of an inhomogeneous transition region

202

(1)

A transition region structured by the magnetic field

202

(1)

Spicules and the transition region

202

(1)

An extremely fine structured transition region?

203

(1)

Unresolved fine structures

204

(1)

Unresolved dynamic evolution?

205

(1)

The redshifted transition region

205

(3)

Line shifts in the transition region

205

(1)

Red- or blueshifts from siphon flows and spicules?

206

(1)

Red shifts as signatures of downward propagating waves

207

(1)

The dynamic and time dependent transition region

208

(4)

Morphology of transition region loops

208

(1)

Velocities in transition region loops

209

(1)

Rapid time changes in the emission

210

(2)

Conclusion -- a new concept for the transition region

212

(5)

References

214

(3)

Solar Magnetohydrodynamics

217

(21)

E.R. Priest

Introduction

217

(2)

Magnetohydrodynamic equations

219

(5)

Flux tubes

219

(1)

Basic equations

219

(1)

Induction equations

220

(3)

The Lorentz force

223

(1)

Magnetohydrostatics

224

(5)

Introduction

224

(1)

Potential fields

225

(1)

Force-free fields

226

(2)

Magnetic flux tubes

228

(1)

Magnetohydrodynamic waves

229

(8)

Sound waves

229

(2)

Alfven waves

231

(1)

Compressional Alfven waves

232

(1)

Magnetoacoustic waves

233

(1)

Shock waves

233

(4)

Concluding comment

237

(1)

References

237

(1)

Solar activity

238

(24)

Z. Svestka

Solar cycles

238

(2)

Active regions

240

(3)

Complexes of activity and interconnecting loops

243

(1)

Surges, jets, and sprays

244

(1)

Solar flares

245

(4)

Coronal mass ejections and coronal storms

249

(3)

Relation between CMEs and flares

252

(3)

Other sources of CMEs

255

(1)

Causes of instabilities

255

(1)

Accelerated particles

256

(1)

Impacts of solar activity at the Earth

257

(5)

References

259

(3)

Particle acceleration

262

(26)

A.G. Emslie

J.A. Miller

Introduction

262

(1)

Observational constraints

263

(3)

Electrons

264

(2)

Ions

266

(1)

Direct electric field acceleration

266

(5)

Stochastic acceleration

271

(14)

The cascading turbulence model

276

(2)

Baseline case

278

(7)

Conclusions

285

(3)

References

285

(3)

Radio observations of explosive energy releases on the Sun

288

(26)

M.R. Kundu

S.M. White

Introduction

288

(1)

Flare studies

289

(10)

Millimeter flare emission: comparison with microwave and hard X-rays/gamma rays

289

(2)

Time profiles of millimeter bursts

291

(2)

Observations of millimeter and microwave bursts

293

(1)

Simple spiky bursts in microwaves

293

(1)

Microwave and hard X-ray observations of footpoint- emission from flaring loops

294

(1)

Double loop configuration of flaring regions

295

(2)

Modeling of microwave flares

297

(2)

Small scale energy releases on the Sun

299

(11)

XBP flares

300

(1)

Metric type III burst emission from an XBP flare in a coronal hole

300

(1)

Microwave observations of XBP flares

301

(2)

Radio observations of coronal X-ray jets

303

(1)

Meterwave observations of jets

303

(2)

A statistical study of jets in microwaves

305

(1)

Active region transient brightenings (ARTB's)

305

(1)

Radio (VLA) observations

306

(1)

Radio (Nobeyama) observations

307

(1)

Radio (OVRO) observations

307

(1)

Transient brightenings in quiet Sun regions

308

(1)

Implications of transients for coronal heating

308

(2)

Concluding remarks

310

(4)

References

311

(3)

Coronal oscillations

314

(21)

V.M. Nakariakov

Introduction

314

(1)

The method of MHD coronal seismology

315

(1)

Detectability of MHD waves in the corona

316

(2)

Compressive waves in polar plumes

318

(4)

Observations

318

(1)

Interpretation as slow magnetoacoustic waves

319

(3)

Search for Alfven waves

322

(2)

Theoretical aspects

322

(1)

Observational aspects

323

(1)

Compressive waves in long loops

324

(3)

Observations and interpretation

324

(3)

Seismologic implications

327

(1)

Flare-generated oscillations of coronal loops

327

(4)

Observations

327

(2)

Determination of the magnetic field

329

(1)

Determination of transport coefficients

330

(1)

EIT or coronal Moreton waves

331

(1)

Conclusions

332

(3)

References

332

(3)

Probing the Sun's hot corona

335

(18)

K.J.H. Phillips

B.N. Dwivedi

The solar corona

335

(3)

The spacecraft era

338

(3)

Heating of the corona: theory

341

(3)

Observational evidence: transient brightenings

344

(2)

Physical characteristics of the corona

346

(3)

Observational evidence: wave motions

349

(2)

Conclusions

351

(2)

References

351

(2)

Vacuum-ultraviolet emission line diagnostics for solar plasmas

353

(21)

B.N. Dwivedi

A. Mohan

K. Wilhelm

The Sun in the ultraviolet emission lines

353

(2)

SUMER spectrograph

354

(1)

Atomic processes

355

(4)

Emission lines

356

(1)

Coronal model approximation

357

(1)

Electron collisional excitation and de-excitation

358

(1)

Proton collisional excitation and de-excitation

358

(1)

Ionization balance

359

(1)

Plasma diagnostics

359

(6)

Emission measure analysis

360

(2)

Electron-density diagnostics

362

(1)

Electron-temperature diagnostics

363

(1)

Abundance determination

364

(1)

Some new results from SUMER

365

(5)

Coronal holes and the solar wind

365

(2)

The ``red/blue'' Sun

367

(1)

Explosive events

368

(1)

Sunspot transition region oscillations

369

(1)

Solar flare observed by SUMER

370

(1)

Conclusions

370

(4)

References

371

(3)

Solar wind

374

(29)

E. Marsch

W.I. Axford

J.F. McKenzie

The solar wind

374

(1)

Basic energy considerations

375

(2)

Historic restrospective: Parker's model

375

(1)

Problems with a polytropic single-fluid model

375

(1)

Energy requirements on heavy ions

376

(1)

Solar corona and wind in three dimensions

377

(2)

Types of solar wind

377

(1)

Three-dimensional solar corona

377

(2)

Electron density and temperature

379

(1)

Fast solar wind

379

(12)

Coronal and in-situ observations

379

(4)

Basic model equations

383

(2)

Heating functions

385

(1)

Some results from model calculations

386

(3)

The wave spectrum: origin, evolution and dissipation

389

(1)

Critical issues in the models

390

(1)

Slow solar wind

391

(3)

Observations of slow flows

391

(1)

Models of the closed corona and slow wind

392

(2)

Sources of the solar wind

394

(3)

Chromospheric network

394

(1)

Network pico-flares

395

(1)

Heating of the quiet corona

396

(1)

Some consequences of network flares

396

(1)

Problems

397

(2)

Problems with the observations

397

(1)

Problems with the theory

398

(1)

Conclusions

399

(4)

References

400

(3)

Solar observing facilities

403

(32)

B. Fleck

C.U. Keller

Introduction

403

(1)

Ground-based instruments

403

(13)

Present

406

(1)

General purpose telescopes

406

(2)

Synoptic telescopes

408

(4)

Synoptic networks

412

(1)

Synoptic radio telescopes

413

(1)

Future plans

414

(1)

General purpose telescopes

414

(1)

Synoptic telescopes

415

(1)

Radio telescopes

416

(1)

Current and planned suborbital missions

416

(1)

Space missions

417

(15)

In operation

417

(1)

Ulysses

417

(1)

Yohkoh

418

(1)

Wind

419

(1)

SOHO

420

(3)

ACE

423

(1)

TRACE

423

(1)

GOES/Solar X-ray imager

424

(1)

Coronas-F

424

(1)

Genesis

425

(1)

HESSI

425

(1)

In development and under study

426

(1)

Solar-B

426

(1)

Stereo

427

(1)

Space Solar Telescope--SST

428

(1)

SDO

428

(1)

Solar Orbiter

429

(1)

Solar probe

430

(2)

Solar sentinels

432

(1)

Conclusions

432

(3)

References

432

(3)

Index

435

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Dynamic Sun

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials