Early Childhood Special Education (0 to 8 Years) Strategies for Positive Outcomes
, by Raver, Sharon A.Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.
- ISBN: 9780131745988 | 0131745980
- Cover: Paperback
- Copyright: 3/3/2008
Featuring the application of evidence-based strategies, ecological and family-based approaches, effective learning, and the use of responsive cultural/linguistic practices,Early Childhood Education (0-8 Years): Strategies for Positive Outcomes, prepares students for all the professional knowledge and skill competencies they need to promote optimal development in infant and toddlers (0-3), preschoolers (3-5), and primary-aged (6-8) children with special needs. Using real-life case studies to illustrate recommended practices, the book clearly presents disability characteristics, assessment practices, and easy-to-implement interventions for inclusive and special education settings, while giving students all the resources they need to master and apply the material. Highlights of This First Edition: Prepares students with ALL the professional knowledge and skill competencies necessary to promote optimal development in children with special needs from birth through 8 years old. Highlights intervention techniques from special education, speech-language pathology, occupational/physical therapy, and the fields of vision and hearing impairments. Uses a real-life case study in each chapter to illustrate recommended practices and strategies. Examines the legal, philosophical, and instructional tenets of the field of Early Childhood Special Education in detail, including IDEA 2004. Features how to use evidence-based practices and strategies that maximize communicative, cognitive/literacy, fine and gross motor, adaptive, and social-emotional development in infants and toddlers, preschoolers, and primary-aged children.
Foundations of Early Childhood Special Education | p. 1 |
Introduction to Working with Infants, Toddlers, Preschoolers, and Primary-Aged Children with Special Needs | p. 3 |
Overview | p. 4 |
Case Study | p. 4 |
Federal Legislation Affecting Early Childhood Special Education Services | p. 5 |
1973-Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act | p. 6 |
1990-Individuals with Disabilities Education Act | p. 6 |
2001-No Child Left Behind | p. 8 |
2004-Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act | p. 8 |
Characteristics of Early Childhood Special Education | p. 9 |
Characteristics of General Early Childhood Education | p. 11 |
Least Restrictive Environment | p. 12 |
Characteristics of Children Receiving Early Childhood Special Education Services | p. 12 |
Characteristics of Infants and Toddlers | p. 14 |
Characteristics of Preschoolers | p. 14 |
Characteristics of Primary-Aged Students | p. 14 |
Program Objectives for Educating Young Children with Special Needs | p. 15 |
Intervention with Infants and Toddlers | p. 15 |
Intervention with Preschoolers | p. 15 |
Intervention with Primary-Aged Students | p. 15 |
Service Delivery Models for Educating Young Children with Special Needs | p. 16 |
Home-Based Program Model | p. 16 |
Center-Based Program Model | p. 17 |
Home-Center Program Model | p. 18 |
Itinerant Teacher Model/Inclusion | p. 18 |
Models for Primary-Aged Students | p. 19 |
An Ecological Approach to Early Childhood Special Education | p. 20 |
Microsystem | p. 21 |
Mesosystem | p. 21 |
Exosystem | p. 21 |
Professional Standards | p. 21 |
Standards-Based Education | p. 22 |
Conclusion | p. 22 |
Building Partnerships in Culturally/Linguistically Diverse Settings | p. 27 |
Overview | p. 28 |
Case Study | p. 28 |
Building Partnerships with Families | p. 29 |
Impact of a Disability/Developmental Delay on Parents | p. 29 |
Impact of a Disability/Developmental Delay on Siblings | p. 29 |
Impact of a Disability/Developmental Delay on Extended Family | p. 30 |
A Family-Based Approach | p. 30 |
Communicating with Parents and Professionals | p. 33 |
Nonverbal Communication Skills | p. 34 |
Verbal Communication Skills | p. 35 |
The Family Systems Approach | p. 37 |
Family Characteristics | p. 38 |
Family Interaction | p. 38 |
Family Functions | p. 38 |
Developing Professional-Family Partnerships in Planning | p. 39 |
Servings Families from Culturally/Ethnically/Linguistically Diverse Backgrounds | p. 39 |
Parents' Personal Rights | p. 40 |
The Right to Feel Angry | p. 40 |
The Right to Seek Another Opinion | p. 41 |
The Right to Stop Trying | p. 41 |
The Right to Be Annoyed with Their Child | p. 41 |
The Right to Be a Parent | p. 41 |
Building Effective Teams | p. 41 |
Types of Teams | p. 42 |
Developing Effective Teams | p. 44 |
Conclusion | p. 45 |
Assessment and Individualized Interventions | p. 51 |
Overview | p. 52 |
Case Study | p. 52 |
Assessment | p. 53 |
Norm-Referenced Assessments | p. 53 |
Criterion-Referenced Assessments | p. 54 |
Play-Based Assessments | p. 55 |
Judgment-Based Assessments | p. 55 |
The Purposes of Assessment | p. 56 |
Developing Individualized Programs | p. 58 |
Developing an Individualized Family Service Plan | p. 59 |
Developing an Individualized Education Program | p. 64 |
Monitoring Skill Acquisition | p. 70 |
Individualized Instruction for Primary-Aged Students | p. 74 |
Conclusion | p. 74 |
Effective Instructional and Accommodative Practices | p. 79 |
Overview | p. 80 |
Case Study | p. 80 |
Designing and Managing the Physical Space | p. 81 |
Using Staff Effectively | p. 81 |
Organizing Learning Centers | p. 81 |
Planning for Instruction | p. 84 |
Using Thematic/Unit Curricular Organization | p. 84 |
Understanding the Stages of Learning | p. 84 |
Instructional Approaches | p. 86 |
Direct Instruction | p. 87 |
Naturalistic Instruction | p. 88 |
Embedded Learning Opportunities/Routine-Based Instruction | p. 90 |
Instructional Strategies | p. 92 |
Prompting | p. 92 |
Modeling | p. 93 |
Response-Contingent Feedback | p. 93 |
Mand-Model Procedure | p. 93 |
Active Student Responding | p. 93 |
Increasing Engagement in Young Children | p. 94 |
Providing Sufficient Skill Practice | p. 95 |
Using Activity Mini-Schedules | p. 95 |
Using Scaffolding | p. 96 |
Using Computers to Support Learning | p. 96 |
Inclusive and Accommodative Practices | p. 97 |
Program and Assessment Accommodations | p. 98 |
Coplanning and Collaboration | p. 98 |
Consultation | p. 99 |
Inclusion of Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers | p. 99 |
Inclusion of Primary-Aged Students | p. 100 |
Writing Section 504 Accommodation Plans | p. 101 |
Conclusion | p. 103 |
Techniques for Promoting Development and Learning | p. 111 |
Promoting Communication Development | p. 113 |
Overview | p. 114 |
Case Study | p. 114 |
Overview of Communication and Language Development | p. 115 |
Communication, Speech, and Language | p. 116 |
Language Delay | p. 117 |
Language Disorder | p. 117 |
Communication Development in Infants and Toddlers | p. 118 |
Semantic Development: The First Words | p. 118 |
Pragmatic Development | p. 119 |
The Role of Parents and Caregivers | p. 120 |
The Role of the Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP) | p. 121 |
General Principles of Communication Intervention with Young Children | p. 123 |
General Approaches to Communication Intervention | p. 123 |
Facilitative Strategies for Promoting Communication in Young Children | p. 124 |
Communication Development in Toddlers | p. 126 |
Late Talkers Versus Late Bloomers | p. 128 |
Assessment of Language Delays in Toddlers | p. 128 |
Strategies for Promoting Communication in Toddlers with Language Delays | p. 130 |
Communication Development in Preschoolers with Specific Language Impairment | p. 131 |
Limitations in Language Content: Semantics | p. 132 |
Limitations in Language Form: Phonology, Morphology, and Syntax | p. 132 |
Limitations in Language Use: Pragmatics | p. 134 |
Language and Communication Assessment of Preschoolers | p. 135 |
Strategies for Promoting Communication in Preschoolers | p. 136 |
Language Characteristics of Primary-Aged Students with Language Impairments | p. 136 |
Phonological Characteristics of Students with LLD | p. 137 |
Syntactic Characteristics of Students with LLD | p. 137 |
Semantic Characteristics of Students with LLD | p. 137 |
Pragmatic Characteristics of Students with LLD | p. 138 |
Communication and Language Assessment of Primary-Aged Students | p. 139 |
Strategies for Promoting Communication in School-Age Children with Language and Learning Impairments | p. 139 |
Augmentative-Alternative Communication | p. 141 |
Types of AAC Systems | p. 142 |
Conclusion | p. 142 |
Promoting Cognitive and Literacy Development | p. 149 |
Overview | p. 150 |
Case Study | p. 150 |
Theories of Cognitive Development and Learning | p. 151 |
Behavioral Theory of Learning | p. 151 |
Information-Processing Theory of Learning | p. 151 |
Cognitive-Development Theory of Learning | p. 151 |
The Effects of Early Experience | p. 152 |
Infants and Toddlers | p. 152 |
Preschoolers | p. 153 |
Cognitive Milestones and Intervention Implications Assessment | p. 154 |
Infants and Toddlers | p. 154 |
Preschoolers | p. 155 |
Primary-Aged Students | p. 160 |
Assessment of Cognitive Development | p. 160 |
Formal Cognitive Assessment | p. 160 |
Informal Assessments | p. 162 |
Promoting Cognitive Development and Learning in Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers | p. 162 |
Promoting Cognitive Development and Academic Learning in Primary-Aged Students | p. 166 |
Reading Instruction | p. 166 |
Models of Reading Instruction | p. 167 |
Monitoring Reading Progress | p. 169 |
Teaching Mathematics | p. 169 |
Approaches to Teaching Mathematics | p. 171 |
Conclusion | p. 172 |
Promoting Fine and Gross Motor and Adaptive Skills Development | p. 177 |
Overview | p. 178 |
Case Study | p. 178 |
Theories of Fine and Gross Motor Development | p. 179 |
Neuromaturational Theory | p. 179 |
Motor Learning Theory | p. 179 |
Sensorimotor Theory | p. 180 |
Treatment Models | p. 180 |
Approaches to Intervention | p. 180 |
Activity-Based/Routine-Based Intervention | p. 181 |
Supports to Therapy | p. 181 |
Service Delivery Models | p. 181 |
Direct Service Delivery | p. 181 |
Monitoring Service Delivery | p. 181 |
Consultation Service Delivery | p. 182 |
Assessment Practices | p. 182 |
Screening | p. 182 |
Diagnosis | p. 182 |
Program Planning | p. 182 |
Characteristics of Children with Physical Disabilities | p. 184 |
Cerebral Palsy | p. 184 |
Spina Bifida | p. 185 |
Down Syndrome | p. 185 |
Other Conditions that Impact Neuromotor Development | p. 186 |
Therapeutic Intervention Strategies | p. 186 |
Positioning | p. 186 |
Play with People and Objects | p. 187 |
Promoting Gross Motor Skills | p. 188 |
Promoting Fine Motor Development | p. 189 |
Adapting Curricula | p. 190 |
Promoting Adaptive Skills Development | p. 191 |
Feeding | p. 191 |
Dressing | p. 193 |
Personal Hygiene | p. 193 |
Assistive technology | p. 194 |
Conclusion | p. 195 |
Promoting Social and Emotional Development | p. 199 |
Overview | p. 200 |
Case Study | p. 200 |
Social and Emotional Development in Infants and Toddlers | p. 201 |
Attachment | p. 201 |
Social and Emotional Development in Preschoolers | p. 204 |
Peer Interactions and Friendships | p. 204 |
The Development of Play | p. 204 |
Development of Emotional Regulation | p. 206 |
Social and Emotional Development in Primary-Aged Students | p. 206 |
Play in Kindergarten and the Primary Grades | p. 207 |
Peer Interactions and Friendships in the Primary Grades | p. 208 |
Managing Challenging Behavior | p. 208 |
Principles of Behavior Management | p. 208 |
Relationship Building with Young Children | p. 209 |
Assessment of Undesirable Behavior | p. 210 |
Intervention with Infants and Toddlers | p. 210 |
Intervention with Preschoolers | p. 211 |
Intervention with Primary-Aged Students | p. 212 |
Conducting Functional Behavior Assessments and Developing Interventions | p. 214 |
General Strategies for Promoting Appropriate Social and Emotional Skills | p. 215 |
Promoting Appropriate Social and Emotional Skills in Infants and Toddlers | p. 215 |
Promoting Appropriate Social and Emotional Skills in Preschoolers | p. 216 |
Promoting Appropriate Social and Emotional Skills in Primary-Aged Students | p. 217 |
Conclusion | p. 218 |
Interventions with Specific Populations | p. 223 |
Techniques for Teaching Young Children with Mild Learning and Behavior Problems | p. 225 |
Overview | p. 226 |
Case Study | p. 226 |
The Identification Process | p. 227 |
Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers | p. 227 |
Primary-Aged Students | p. 227 |
Characteristics of Young Children with Mild Learning and Behavior Problems | p. 233 |
Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers | p. 233 |
Primary-Aged Students with Mild Mental Retardation | p. 233 |
Primary-Aged Students with Learning Disabilities | p. 234 |
Primary-Aged Students with Behavior Disorders/Emotional Disturbance | p. 235 |
Individualizing Instruction and Tracking Learning | p. 236 |
Primary-Aged Students | p. 239 |
Strategies for Promoting Skill Development | p. 241 |
Task Analysis | p. 241 |
Time Delay | p. 242 |
Instructional Adaptation | p. 242 |
Developing Communication Skills | p. 243 |
Developing Social Skills | p. 244 |
Developing Preliteracy Skills | p. 246 |
Developing Literacy Skills in Primary-Aged Students | p. 246 |
Conclusion | p. 248 |
Techniques for Teaching Young Children with Moderate/Severe or Multiple Disabilities | p. 255 |
Overview | p. 256 |
Case Study | p. 256 |
Definitions of Moderate/Severe and Multiple Disabilities | p. 257 |
General Characteristics of Children with Moderate/Severe and Multiple Disabilities | p. 258 |
Neuromotor Impairments | p. 258 |
Degenerative Diseases | p. 259 |
Infectious Diseases | p. 259 |
Orthopedic and Musculoskeletal Disorders | p. 259 |
Sensory Impairments | p. 259 |
Major Health Impairments | p. 260 |
Neurodevelopmental Disorders | p. 260 |
Using a Needs-Based Approach to Intervention | p. 260 |
Medical Needs | p. 261 |
Physical Needs | p. 261 |
Educational Needs | p. 262 |
Social-Emotional Needs | p. 262 |
Forming Educational Teams for Children with Severe and Multiple Disabilities | p. 263 |
Roles and Responsibilities of Team Members | p. 263 |
Early Interventionist/Early Childhood Special Education Professional | p. 263 |
General Early Childhood Educator | p. 264 |
Physical Therapist | p. 264 |
Occupational Therapist | p. 265 |
Speech-Language Pathologist | p. 265 |
Assistive Technology Specialist | p. 265 |
Educator for Students with Visual Impairments and Orientation and Mobility Specialist | p. 265 |
Audiologist | p. 265 |
Other Specialists | p. 266 |
Assessment Considerations | p. 266 |
Alternative Assessments for Young Children with Moderate/Severe and Multiple Disabilities | p. 266 |
Identify Standards or Expected Learning Outcomes | p. 267 |
Determine the Assessment Format | p. 267 |
Using Continuous Monitoring and Data Collection | p. 267 |
Curriculum Development for Children with Moderate/Severe and Multiple Disabilities | p. 267 |
Desired Life Outcomes | p. 268 |
Supporting Access to the General Curriculum | p. 269 |
Conclusion | p. 275 |
Techniques for Teaching Young Children with Hearing Loss | p. 279 |
Overview | p. 280 |
Case Study | p. 280 |
Definitions | p. 281 |
Causes and Types of Hearing Loss | p. 282 |
Causes of Hearing Loss | p. 282 |
Types of Hearing Loss | p. 282 |
Severity of Hearing Loss | p. 284 |
Taking a Visual Perspective | p. 284 |
A Life-Span Developmental Framework for Intervention | p. 285 |
Impact of Hearing Loss on Development and Learning | p. 286 |
Communication Approaches | p. 287 |
Monolingual Approaches | p. 288 |
Language-Mixing Approaches | p. 288 |
Cued Speech Approach | p. 288 |
Bilingual Approaches | p. 288 |
Technologies that Supplement and Support Sound | p. 288 |
Hearing Aids and Group FM Systems | p. 289 |
Cochlear Implants | p. 289 |
Involving Families | p. 290 |
Strategies for Promoting Auditory Development | p. 291 |
Environmental Modifications for Improving Auditory Communication and Learning | p. 292 |
Sound Localization Skills | p. 293 |
Responding to Sounds | p. 294 |
Imitation of Sounds | p. 295 |
Promote Spoken Language Within Home Routines | p. 296 |
Strategies for Promoting Visual Communication | p. 297 |
Infants, Toddlers, and Preschoolers | p. 298 |
Promoting Preliteracy Development | p. 300 |
Storytime Activities | p. 301 |
Promoting Literacy Development | p. 302 |
Strategies for Teaching Literacy in a Bilingual Environment | p. 302 |
Teaching Literacy in a Language-Mixing Communication Environment | p. 303 |
Effective Inclusion Practices | p. 305 |
Conclusion | p. 305 |
Techniques for Teaching Young Children with Low Vision and Blindness | p. 309 |
Overview | p. 310 |
Case Study | p. 310 |
Definitions of Vision Problems and Visual Impairment | p. 311 |
Prevalence of Visual Impairment | p. 314 |
Specialized Related-Services Professionals | p. 314 |
Types and Causes of Vision Problems and Visual Impairment | p. 315 |
Causes of Visual Impairment | p. 316 |
The Impact of Vision Loss on Development | p. 317 |
Characteristics of Children with Vision Loss | p. 317 |
Cognitive Development | p. 318 |
Social-Emotional Development | p. 321 |
Language Development | p. 322 |
Fine and Gross Motor Development | p. 324 |
Preliteracy and Literacy Development | p. 326 |
Assessment | p. 328 |
Vision Screening | p. 329 |
Functional Vision Assessment | p. 329 |
Learning Media Assessment | p. 329 |
Developmental and Academic Assessment | p. 329 |
State- and DistrictWide Assessments for Primary-Aged Students | p. 330 |
Specialized Areas of Instruction | p. 330 |
Continuum of Placement and Inclusionary Practices | p. 330 |
Conclusion | p. 330 |
Appendices | |
DEC Recommended Practices Strand: Child-Focused Competencies | p. 337 |
DEC Recommended Practices Strand: Inclusion Competencies | p. 341 |
Websites for Professionals and Families | p. 343 |
Author Index | p. 349 |
Subject Index | p. 359 |
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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