Earth First! and the Anti-Roads Movement

Showing how green social and political theory can be linked to practical struggles from environmental and social change, Derek Wall looks at key topics of political and sociological interest in Britain and the world today.

Acknowledgements

xii

List of abbreviations

xiv

Earth First!, profits last-no more roads!

1

(16)

Monkeywrenching, the Met and military intelligence?

1

(8)

Critical realism and social movement methodology

9

(8)

Car wars

17

(23)

Introduction

17

(2)

Prehistory

19

(2)

Autobahn

21

(2)

Birth of the motorway

23

(1)

From `not-in-my-backyard' to green protest

24

(3)

Closing the motorway box

27

(3)

The prophet

30

(3)

The 1980s

33

(3)

The rise and fall of green politics

36

(2)

An old social movement

38

(2)

The origins of Earth First!

40

(25)

Introduction

40

(1)

Resource mobilisation and repertoires

41

(2)

Earth First!'s origins in the USA

43

(2)

Failed Earth First! mobilisations in the UK

45

(1)

Earth First! Hastings

46

(4)

Rainforest campaigning

50

(4)

Divisions

54

(5)

The evolving character of Earth First! (UK)

59

(2)

Earth First! and the anti-roads movement: 1992-5

61

(4)

Twyford, other tribes and other trials

65

(29)

Twyford

65

(9)

M11

74

(5)

Solsbury Hill

79

(3)

Glasgow

82

(2)

M65

84

(1)

Newbury

85

(2)

Reclaim the Streets

87

(1)

A biodegradable network: Earth First! 1992-4

88

(1)

Identity and militancy: Earth First! 1995-8

89

(2)

`Swampy fever' and media spectacle

91

(3)

Activist identity

94

(21)

Introduction

94

(1)

Activist involvement

95

(2)

Activist trajectories into EF! (UK)

97

(1)

Environmental and political framing

98

(5)

Network membership

103

(1)

Prior activity

104

(2)

Frustration and empowerment

106

(3)

Green culture

109

(1)

Availability

110

(1)

Being green

111

(4)

Political opportunities and direct action

115

(27)

Introduction

115

(2)

Activist accounts

117

(2)

Organisational mediation

119

(4)

Alternative movement activity

123

(2)

Repression and facilitation

125

(6)

Mobilisation targets

131

(4)

Allies and resources

135

(2)

Youth culture

137

(2)

Conclusion

139

(3)

Culture, ideology and the anti-road movement

142

(25)

Introduction

142

(2)

Core framing

144

(6)

Participation

150

(5)

Direct action

155

(3)

Frame-bridging and diffusion

158

(1)

DIY culture

159

(3)

Lifestyle

162

(5)

Globalised greens

167

(20)

Introduction

167

(3)

Earth First! (US) and global links

170

(2)

EF! Australia

172

(3)

Earth First! Ireland

175

(2)

Earth First! Germany

177

(3)

France

180

(1)

Dutch Earth First!

180

(1)

Eastern Europe

181

(1)

Eearth First! elsewhere

182

(1)

Solidarity and struggle

183

(2)

The dialectic of globalisation

185

(2)

The preferred way of doing things

187

(6)

Strategy and success?

187

(3)

Agents of change

190

(1)

Demobilisation and decentred identities

191

(2)

Appendix: Contact addresses

193

(2)

Bibliography

195

(16)

Index

211

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Earth First! and the Anti-Roads Movement

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials