The Earth and Its People

, by Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela; Headrick, Daniel; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman; Northrup, David

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ISBN: 9780618214655 | 0618214658
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 8/2/2002

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Supplemental Materials

Maps

xvii

Environment and Technology Features

xviii

Society and Culture Features

xviii

Preface

xix

About the Authors

xxv

Note on Spelling and Usage

xxvii

Introduction: The World Before 1550

xxix

The Maritime Revolution, to 1550

342

(19)

Global Maritime Expansion Before 1450

343

(3)

The Pacific Ocean

343

(1)

The Indian Ocean

343

(1)

The Atlantic Ocean

344

(2)

Iberian Expansion, 1400--1550

346

(6)

Background to European Expansion

346

(1)

Portuguese Voyages

347

(2)

Spanish Voyages

349

(3)

Encounters with Europe, 1450--1550

352

(7)

Western Africa

352

(1)

Eastern Africa

353

(1)

Indian Ocean States

354

(1)

The Americas

355

(4)

Patterns of Dominance

359

(1)

Conclusion

359

(1)

Key Terms

359

(1)

Suggested Reading

360

(1)

Notes

360

(1)

Society and Culture: European Male Sexual Dominance Overseas

357

(4)

Part Five The Globe Encompassed, 1500--1800

361

(80)

The Transformation of Europe, 1500--1750

364

(18)

Religious and Political Innovations

365

(1)

Religious Reformation

365

(1)

The Failure of Empire

366

(1)

Building State Power

366

(8)

Royal Centralization, 1500--1750

367

(4)

Absolutism and Constitutionalism

371

(1)

War and Diplomacy

371

(2)

Politics and the Economy

373

(1)

Urban Society and Commercial Technology

374

(2)

Urban Social Classes

375

(1)

Commercial Techniques and Technology

375

(1)

Rural Society and the Environment

376

(1)

The Struggle for Food and Fuel

376

(1)

Peasantry and Gentry

376

(1)

The Realm of Ideas

376

(4)

Traditional Thinking

378

(1)

The Scientific Revolution

378

(1)

The Early Enlightenment

379

(1)

Conclusion

380

(1)

Key Terms

381

(1)

Suggested Reading

381

(1)

Environment and Technology: Mapping the World

377

(5)

The Americas, the Atlantic, and Africa, 1530--1770

382

(23)

Spanish America and Brazil

383

(5)

State and Church

383

(1)

Colonial Economies

384

(2)

Society in Colonial Latin America

386

(2)

English and French Colonies in North America

388

(3)

The South

389

(1)

New England

389

(1)

Middle Atlantic Region

390

(1)

French America

390

(1)

Plantations in the West Indies

391

(5)

Sugar and Slaves

391

(3)

Technology and Environment

394

(2)

Creating the Atlantic Economy

396

(3)

Capitalism and Mercantilism

397

(1)

The Great Circuit and Middle Passage

398

(1)

Africa and the Atlantic

399

(2)

The Gold Coast and the Slave Coast

399

(1)

The Bight of Biafra and Angola

400

(1)

The Columbian Exchange

401

(2)

Transfers to the Americas

401

(1)

Transfers from the Americas

402

(1)

Conclusion

403

(1)

Key Terms

403

(1)

Suggested Reading

404

(1)

Notes

404

(1)

Society and Culture: Colonial Wealth and the Exploitation of Indigenous Peoples

387

(18)

Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean, 1500--1750

405

(19)

The Ottoman Empire

406

(7)

Expansion and Frontiers

406

(3)

Central Institutions

409

(1)

Crisis of the Military State, 1585--1650

410

(2)

Economic Change and Growing Weakness

412

(1)

The Safavid Empire

413

(3)

Safavid Society and Religion

413

(1)

Isfahan and Istanbul

414

(1)

Economic Crisis and Political Collapse

415

(1)

The Mughal Empire

416

(2)

Political Foundations

416

(1)

Hindus and Muslims

417

(1)

Central Decay and Regional Challenges

418

(1)

Trade Empires in the Indian Ocean, 1600--1729

418

(4)

Muslims in the East Indies

419

(1)

Muslims in East Africa

419

(2)

The Coming of the Dutch

421

(1)

Conclusion

422

(1)

Key Terms

423

(1)

Suggested Reading

423

(1)

Note

423

(1)

Environment and Technology: Metal Currency and Inflation

411

(13)

Eastern Eurasia, 1500--1800

424

(17)

New Relations in Eurasia

425

(2)

The Land-Based Empires of Eurasia

425

(1)

New Global Influences

426

(1)

The Russian Empire

427

(4)

The Rise of Romanov Power

427

(3)

Russians and Turks

430

(1)

Peter the Great

430

(1)

The Russian Drive Eastward

431

(1)

The Later Ming and Early Qing Empires

431

(6)

The End of the Ming

431

(2)

Power and Trade in the Early Qing

433

(1)

Emperor Kangxi

434

(1)

Tea and Diplomacy

434

(2)

Population and Social Stress

436

(1)

Tokugawa Japan, to 1800

437

(2)

Shogunate and Economy

437

(1)

The ``Closing'' of Japan

437

(1)

Elite Decline and Social Crisis

438

(1)

Conclusion

439

(1)

Key Terms

439

(1)

Suggested Reading

439

(1)

Note

440

(1)

Society and Culture: Style and Conversion: Christian Rivalries in Beijing

435

(6)

Part Six Revolutions Reshape the World, 1750--1870

441

(60)

Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750--1850

444

(19)

Prelude to Revolution: War and the Enlightenment

445

(1)

The American Revolution

446

(4)

Frontiers and Taxes

446

(1)

The Course of Revolution

446

(3)

New Republican Institutions

449

(1)

The French Revolution

450

(6)

French Society and Fiscal Crisis

450

(1)

Protest Turns to Revolution

451

(2)

Reaction and Dictatorship

453

(1)

Retrenchment, Reform, and Revolution

454

(2)

Revolution in Haiti and Latin America

456

(2)

The Haitian Revolution

456

(1)

Latin American Revolutions

457

(1)

Mexico

458

(1)

Economic and Social Liberation Movements

458

(4)

The Abolition of Slavery

460

(1)

Equal Rights for Women and Blacks

461

(1)

Conclusion

462

(1)

Key Terms

462

(1)

Suggested Reading

462

(1)

Environment and Technology: The Pencil

448

(15)

The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760--1851

463

(18)

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

464

(2)

Preconditions for Industrialization

464

(1)

Britain's Advantages

465

(1)

The Technological Revolution

466

(5)

Mass Production and Mechanization

466

(3)

Iron and Steam

469

(2)

Communication over Wires

471

(1)

The Impact of the Industrial Revolution

471

(3)

The New Industrial Cities

471

(1)

Rural Environments

472

(1)

Working Conditions

473

(1)

Changes in Society

474

(1)

Responses to Industrialization

474

(2)

Laissez Faire

475

(1)

Positivism and Utopian Socialism

475

(1)

Protests and Reforms

475

(1)

Emigration

476

(1)

The Effects of Industrialization in Russia and the Ottoman Empire

476

(3)

Russia

477

(1)

The Ottoman Empire

477

(1)

The Crimean War, 1853--1856

478

(1)

Conclusion

479

(1)

Key Terms

480

(1)

Suggested Reading

480

(1)

Note

480

(1)

Society and Culture: Charles Babbage, Ada Lovelace, and the ``Analytical Engine''

468

(13)

Africa, India, and China, 1750--1870

481

(20)

Changes and Exchanges in Africa

482

(6)

New African States

482

(3)

Modernization in Egypt and Ethiopia

485

(1)

European Penetration

485

(2)

Secondary Empires in Eastern Africa

487

(1)

India Under British Rule

488

(7)

Company Men

488

(2)

Raj and Rebellion, 1818--1857

490

(1)

Political Reform and Industrial Impact

491

(1)

Rising Indian Nationalism

492

(1)

Colonies and Commerce

492

(3)

The Qing Empire

495

(4)

Economic and Social Disorder

495

(1)

The Opium War, 1839--1842

495

(2)

The Taiping Rebellion, 1850--1864

497

(2)

Decentralization at the End of the Qing Empire

499

(1)

Conclusion

499

(1)

Key Terms

500

(1)

Suggested Reading

500

(1)

Notes

500

(1)

Environment and Technology: Whaling

494

(7)

Part Seven Global Dominance and Diversity, 1850--1949

501

(100)

The New Power Balance, 1850--1900

504

(19)

New Technologies and the World Economy

505

(1)

The Steel and Chemical Industries

505

(1)

Electricity

505

(1)

Shipping and Telegraph Cables

506

(1)

Railroads

506

(1)

World Trade and Finance

506

(1)

Social Transformations

506

(4)

Population and Migrations

507

(1)

Urbanization and Social Structures

507

(2)

Labor Movements and Socialist Politics

509

(1)

Working-Class Women and Men

509

(1)

The Victorian Age and Women's ``Separate Sphere''

510

(1)

Nationalism and the Unification of Germany

510

(3)

National Identity Before 1871

512

(1)

The Unification of Germany

512

(1)

Nationalism After 1871

512

(1)

The Great Powers of Europe, 1871--1900

513

(2)

Germany at the Center of Europe

513

(1)

The Liberal Powers: France and Great Britain

513

(1)

The Conservative Powers: Russia and Austria-Hungary

514

(1)

New Great Powers: The United States and Japan

515

(6)

The United States, 1865--1900

515

(3)

The Rise of Japan, 1850-1900

518

(3)

Conclusion

521

(1)

Key Terms

521

(1)

Suggested Reading

521

(2)

Society and Culture: Demonstrating for Women's Rights

511

(12)

The New Imperialism, 1869--1914

523

(18)

The New Imperialism: Motives and Methods

526

(2)

Political and Economic Motives

526

(1)

Cultural Motives

526

(1)

The Tools of the Imperialists

527

(1)

Colonial Agents and Administration

527

(1)

The Scramble for Africa

528

(3)

Egypt

528

(1)

Western and Equatorial Africa

528

(2)

Southern Africa

530

(1)

Political and Social Responses

531

(1)

Asia and Western Dominance

531

(4)

Central Asia

531

(2)

Southeast Asia and Indonesia

533

(1)

Hawaii and the Philippines, 1878--1902

533

(2)

Imperialism in Latin America

535

(2)

Railroads and the Imperialism of Free Trade

535

(1)

American Expansionism and the Spanish-American War

536

(1)

American Intervention in the Caribbean and Central America

537

(1)

The World Economy and the Global Environment

537

(2)

Expansion of the World Economy

538

(1)

Transformation of the Global Environment

538

(1)

Conclusion

539

(1)

Key Terms

539

(1)

Suggested Reading

539

(1)

Notes

540

(1)

Environment and Technology: Imperialism and Tropical Ecology

534

(7)

The Crisis of the Imperial Order, 1900--1929

541

(22)

The Crisis in Europe and the Middle East

542

(3)

The Ottoman Empire and the Balkans

542

(1)

Nationalism, Alliances, and Military Strategy

542

(3)

The ``Great War'' and the Russian Revolutions

545

(4)

Stalemate, 1914--1917

545

(1)

The Home Front and the War Economy

546

(2)

The Ottoman Empire at War

548

(1)

Double Revolution in Russia, 1917

548

(1)

The End of the War in Western Europe, 1917--1918

549

(1)

Peace and Dislocation in Europe

549

(4)

The Impact of the War

550

(2)

The Peace Treaties

552

(1)

Russian Civil War and the New Economic Policy

552

(1)

An Ephemeral Peace

552

(1)

China and Japan: Contrasting Destinies

553

(3)

Revolution in China

553

(1)

Japan and World War I

554

(1)

China in the 1920s

555

(1)

The New Middle East

556

(2)

The Rise of Modern Turkey

556

(1)

Arab Lands and the Question of Palestine

556

(2)

Science and Technology in the Industrialized World

558

(3)

Revolution in the Sciences

558

(1)

The New Technologies of Modernity

559

(1)

Technology and the Environment

560

(1)

Conclusion

561

(1)

Key Terms

562

(1)

Suggested Reading

562

(1)

Society and Culture: The Experience of Battle

547

(16)

The Collapse of the Old Order, 1929--1949

563

(21)

Stalin's Revolution

564

(2)

Five-Year Plans

564

(1)

Collectivization of Agriculture

564

(2)

Terror and Opportunities

566

(1)

The Depression

566

(1)

Economic Crisis

566

(1)

Depression in Industrial Nations

567

(1)

Depression in Nonindustrial Regions

567

(1)

The Rise of Fascism

567

(3)

Mussolini's Italy

568

(1)

Hitler's Germany

568

(1)

The Road to War, 1933--1939

569

(1)

East Asia, 1931--1945

570

(3)

The Manchurian Incident of 1931

570

(1)

The Chinese Communists and the Long March

571

(1)

The Sino-Japanese War, 1937--1945

572

(1)

The Second World War

573

(5)

The War of Movement

573

(1)

War in Europe and North Africa

574

(1)

War in Asia and the Pacific

574

(2)

The End of the War

576

(1)

Chinese Civil War and Communist Victory

576

(2)

The Character of Warfare

578

(3)

The War of Science

578

(1)

Bombing Raids

579

(1)

The Holocaust

579

(2)

The Home Front

581

(1)

War and the Environment

581

(1)

Conclusion

581

(1)

Key Terms

582

(1)

Suggested Reading

582

(2)

Environment and Technology: Biomedical Technologies

580

(4)

Striving for Independence: Africa, India, and Latin America, 1900--1949

584

(17)

Sub-Saharan Africa, 1900--1945

585

(3)

Colonial Africa: Economic and Social Changes

585

(2)

Religious and Political Changes

587

(1)

The Indian Independence Movement, 1905--1947

588

(6)

The Land and the People

588

(1)

British Rule and Indian Nationalism

589

(3)

Mahatma Gandhi and Militant Nonviolence

592

(1)

India Moves Toward Independence

593

(1)

Partition and Independence

593

(1)

Latin America, 1900--1949

594

(5)

The Mexican Revolution, 1910--1920

594

(1)

The Mexican Revolution Institutionalized, 1920--1940

595

(2)

The Transformation of Argentina

597

(1)

Brazil and Argentina, to 1929

597

(1)

Depression and the Vargas Regime in Brazil

598

(1)

Argentina After 1930

599

(1)

Conclusion

599

(1)

Key Terms

600

(1)

Suggested Reading

600

(1)

Society and Culture: Self-Government in Africa

589

(12)

Part Eight The Perils and Promises of a Global Community, 1945--2001

601

The Cold War and Decolonization, 1945--1975

604

(19)

Decolonization and Nation Building

605

(5)

New Nations in South and Southeast Asia

605

(3)

The Struggle for Independence in Africa

608

(1)

The Quest for Economic Freedom in Latin America

609

(1)

The Cold War

610

(7)

The United Nations

611

(1)

Capitalism and Communism

611

(2)

West Versus East in Europe and Korea

613

(1)

U.S. Defeat in Vietnam

614

(2)

The Race for Nuclear Supremacy

616

(1)

Beyond a Bipolar World

617

(4)

The Third World

617

(1)

Japan and China

618

(1)

The Middle East

619

(1)

The Emergence of Environmental Concerns

620

(1)

Conclusion

621

(1)

Key Terms

621

(1)

Suggested Reading

621

(2)

Environment and Technology: The Green Revolution

612

(11)

Crisis, Realignment, and the Dawn of the Post--Cold War World, 1975--1991

623

(22)

Postcolonial Crises and Asian Economic Expansion, 1975--1989

624

(7)

Revolution, Repression, and Democratic Reform in Latin America

624

(2)

Islamic Revolutions in Iran and Afghanistan

626

(2)

Asian Transformation

628

(3)

The End of the Bipolar World, 1989--1991

631

(2)

Crisis in the Soviet Union

631

(1)

The Collapse of the Socialist Bloc

631

(2)

The Persian Gulf War, 1990--1991

633

(1)

The Challenge of Population Growth

633

(4)

Demographic Transition

634

(2)

The Industrialized Nations

636

(1)

The Developing Nations

637

(1)

Unequal Development and the Movement of Peoples

637

(3)

The Problem of Growing Inequality

638

(1)

Internal Migration: The Growth of Cities

639

(1)

Global Migration

640

(1)

Technological and Environmental Change

640

(2)

New Technologies and the World Economy

641

(1)

Conserving and Sharing Resources

641

(1)

Responding to Environmental Threats

642

(1)

Conclusion

642

(1)

Key Terms

643

(1)

Suggested Reading

643

(1)

Notes

644

(1)

Society and Culture: China's Family-Planning Needs

638

(7)

The End of a Global Century, 1991--2001

645

A Fragmented World

646

(8)

Challenges to the Nation-State

646

(1)

Problems of the Global Economy

647

(2)

Old Threats, New Dangers

649

(3)

Human Rights

652

(2)

Women's Rights

654

(1)

Elements of a Global Culture

654

(5)

The Medium and the Message

655

(1)

The Spread of Popular Culture

656

(1)

Global Connections and Elite Culture

657

(1)

The Endurance of Cultural Diversity

658

(1)

Conclusion

659

(1)

Key Terms

660

(1)

Suggested Reading

661

(1)

Notes

661

Society and Culture: Nelson Mandela

653

Glossary

(1)

Index

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